PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC Faculty of Science Department of Development and Environmental Studies IMPACT OF MAJOR SPORTS EVENTS ON THE LOCAL POPULATIONS MASTER’S THESIS Author: Bc. Michal KUKUČKA Supervisor: Mgr. Simona ŠAFAŘÍKOVÁ, Ph.D. Olomouc 2018 Abstract The goal of the master's thesis is to research the impacts of large international sports events on the local populations. The emphasis is given on the Olympic Games, while other major sports events are described and used for comparison. The paper is focusing on the Olympic Games and tries to compare the organization in the developed and developing world, whilst focusing the Olympics in London 2012, as the representative of the developed world and Rio de Janeiro 2016, as the representative of the developing world. The thesis is examining what was the approach of the organizing committees, the actual reality and compare the outcomes between them. Key Words major sports events, sport and development, Olympic Games, Olympics, IOC, impact, developing country, Brazil, United Kingdom, London Olympic Games, Rio Olympic Games Abstrakt Cieľom diplomovej práce je preskúmať dopady veľkých medzinárodných športových podujatí na miestne obyvateľstvo. Dôraz je kladený na Olympijské hry, zatiaľ čo ostatné významné športové udalosti sú popísané a využité na porovnanie. Práca sa zameriava na Olympijské hry a snaží sa porovnať organizáciu v rozvinutých a rozvojových krajinách, zameriavajúc sa na Olympády v Londýne 2012, ako zástupcu rozvinutého sveta a Riu de Janeiro 2016, ako zástupcu rozvojového sveta. Diplomová práca skúma, aký bol prístup organizačných výborov, skutočná realita a porovnanie vzájomných výsledkov medzi týmito dvoma Letnými olympijskými hrami. Kľúčové slová veľké športové podujatia, šport a rozvoj, Olympijské hry, Olympijáda, MOV, dopad, rozvojová krajina, Brazília, Spojené Kráľovstvo, Olympijské hry v Londýne, Olympijské hry v Riu Declaration I declare that I wrote the master's thesis Impact of Major Sports Events on the Local Populations under the guidance of Mgr. Simona Šafaříková, Ph.D. All used sources cited in any form have been acknowledged in the text and in the list of sources. In Olomouc, December 7, 2018 ………………………………………… Bc. Michal Kukučka Acknowledgment I would sincerely like to express special thanks of gratitude to my honorable supervisor Mgr. Simona Šafaříková, Ph.D. for her patience, constructive and valuable feedback and recommendations, flexibility and support while writing this thesis. I would also like to thank my family, friends who have become family, and above all, my parents who have all supported me in my endeavors. Thank you! Table of Contents 1) Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Introduction to the Topic ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Motivation and Justification for the Topic .................................................................................. 14 2) Aim and Objective of the Thesis.................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Aim of the Thesis ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 The Principal Research Questions ............................................................................................... 17 2.3 The Subsidiary Research Questions ............................................................................................ 17 2.4 Remarks about the Aims, Objectives, Principal and Subsidiary Questions ................................. 18 3) Conceptual Framework of the Thesis ............................................................................................ 20 3.1 Major Sports Events .................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.1 The Ancient Times ................................................................................................................ 20 3.1.2 The Middle Ages ................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3 The Modern Period .............................................................................................................. 22 3.1.4 Modern-day Notable Major Sports Events .......................................................................... 24 3.1.4.1 Tour de France - Cycling ................................................................................................ 24 3.1.4.2 Super Bowl - NFL ........................................................................................................... 25 3.1.4.3 Cricket World Cup ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1.4.4 Commonwealth Games ................................................................................................. 27 3.1.4.5 The Grand Slams, U.S. Open - Tennis ............................................................................ 28 3.1.4.6 UEFA Champions League – Football .............................................................................. 29 3.1.4.7 FIFA World Cup – Football ............................................................................................. 31 3.1.4.8 Summary of the Subchapter ......................................................................................... 32 3.2 The Olympic Games..................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.1 The Ancient Olympic Games ................................................................................................ 34 3.2.2 The Modern Olympic Games ................................................................................................ 36 3.2.2.1. The Origins ................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.2.2 Sports and Their Economics at the Olympic Games ..................................................... 37 3.2.2.3 Becoming the Host of the Olympic Games ................................................................... 42 3.3 Developing Countries and BRICS ................................................................................................. 45 3.3.1 Developing Countries and LDCs ........................................................................................... 45 3.3.2 BRICS .................................................................................................................................... 47 4) Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 50 5) London 2012 and Rio 2016 Summer Olympic Games ................................................................... 54 5.1 London 2012 Summer Olympic Games ....................................................................................... 54 5.2 Rio 2016 Summer Olympic Games .............................................................................................. 56 6) The Results .................................................................................................................................... 59 6.1 Why Organize the Olympics? ...................................................................................................... 59 6.2 Financing ..................................................................................................................................... 61 6.3 Infrastructure and Transportation .............................................................................................. 65 6.4 Employment ................................................................................................................................ 68 6.5 Venues and Their Legacy ............................................................................................................. 74 7) Suggestions and Solutions ............................................................................................................. 80 8) Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 83 9) Sources .......................................................................................................................................... 86 List of Tables Tab.1 Summer Olympics Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………40 Tab. 2 Cost of various Summer Olympic Games ................................................................................... 41 Tab. 3 The correlation between the number of events and total costs in thousands of 2018 USD with the trendline .......................................................................................................................................... 42 Tab. 4 Comparison of the total number of disciplines vs. the costs of the Summer Olympic Games .. 42 Tab. 5 Results of the voting procedure for the 2012 host city selection .............................................. 55 Tab. 6 Results of the voting procedure for the 2016 host city selection .............................................. 57 Tab. 7 GDP Growth (annual %) in Brazil and the United Kingdom........................................................ 64 Tab. 8 Unemployment