© Human Milk 2017 Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. They can also form circular Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Levels of free amino acids drop over time in human milk, but levels structures involved in cell signalling - activating or inhibiting processes within cells. of glutamic acid and glutamate (the highest percentage of free amino acids) increases. Significantly higher numbers of FAAs in human milk than cow’s milk. Leucine - Essential amino acid, important for Uridine the development of skeletal muscle. diphosphate-N-acetylhex- Helps to initiate the production of osamine (UDPAH) - proteins. The full functions of leucine are Cytidine diphosphate unknown, but may affect the rate of choline (CDP choline) - Important for the production of essential sugars required protein production and consequently the It appears to play a speed of growth of the baby. protective role against for normal growth and development. hypoxic brain damage, and Taurine - Essential for helps to improve memory brain and nervous system and learning. development. Helps to make membranes around and inside the cells and speeds up how quickly nerve signals can AaBbCc be transmitted. Fats in general have a number of functions ax2 + bx + c = 2 including: energy storage, cell messaging, hormone production and structural roles. Choline - Essential Proteins make up mineral for brain and Plasmalogens - Important approximately 16 - 20% nervous system development. es components of the immune, otid of the human body. Helps membrane to form cle nervous and cardiovascular around cells and nerve u systems. Plays a role in myelination N ) A Arachidonic acid (AHA) - signals to be m i of nerve fibres (laying down A fatty acid involved in transmitted quickly. Threonine n 5’-Adenosine monophosphate (5”-AMP o insulation to speed up Guanosine diphosphate (UDP) Valine a reducing pain and Aspartate c nerve messages). Glutamate id inflammation. Also thought 3’:5’-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (3’:5’-cyclic AMP) Methionine s to play a role in infant Taurine Cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP choline) Arginine Proline brain development. 5’-Cytidine monophosphate (5’-CMP) Glycine Alpha-tocopherol - Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylhexosamine (UDPAH) Uridine diphosphoglucuronicGuanosine acid ( diphosphate – mannose Isoleucine Serine F Type of vitamin E, alpha Selenium Tyrosine Phenylalanine Globoside ( tocopherol and other vitamin E Uridine diphosphateUridine ( monophosphate (3’-UMP) Tryptophan a s Choline Chloride Cystine Histidine Lauric acid GB4 t substances are antioxidants, l Uridine diphosphate hexose (UDPH) Palmitoleic acid ) s a Beta carotene Carnitine Leucine Oleic acid GM1 which means they can help r Fluorine UDPGA) GM3 Lysine Sphingomyelin GM2 defend the body against a e Vitamin B6 UDP 7-ketocholesterol Sitosterol n Folic acid Glucosylceramide Gangliosides (GM1, GM2, GM3) i ) Stearic acid range of membrane- Vitamin B8 (Inositol) Stigma-and campesterol Molybdenum are critical to normal brain damaging and degenerative Lysophosphatidylcholine PalmiticHeptadecenoic acid acid M Chromium development, help nerves to repair conditions. Cobalt Galactosylceramide Phosphatidylinositol Vitamin C Sulphur Nickel Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) themselves and may play further roles in & Niacin LactosylceramidePlasmalogens Sphingolipids a-Tocopherol immune system development, calcium s Copper Phosphorus Globotriaosylceramide (GB3) Squalene Vitamin B12 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) transport and basic cell functions. n Iron Calcium Linoleic acid (Omega 6)/ Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (Omega 3) Cholesterol i Vitamin E Sterols Vitamins and minerals are used in a variety of roles. Vitamin D Pantothenic acid DimethylsterolMethosterol Desmosterol m Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) Lanosterol Most are essential for growth and development and deficiency a Thiamine Zinc 7-Dehydrocholesterol Lathosterol t Vitamin K Iodine β-Lathosterol A fatty acid required for the synthesis of molecules involved in pain and can lead to illness. i Biotin Vitamin AMagnesiumSodium Phosphatidylcholine Conjugated linoleic Lysophosphatidylethanolamineacid (Rumenic acid- active omega 6) inflammation. Also thought to play a role in infant brain development. V Riboflavin Potassium Phosphatidylethanolamine Manganese the contents of Arachidonic acid (AHA) Lactoferrin Bifidus factor Cytokines Cytokines Gastrin Motilin Human Milk Leukocytes Basophils Breastmilk is the most naturally colonised fluid in the body, with over Milk carries the complex array of the mother's immune system to s Parathyroid hormone (P TH ) Phagocytes s r Stem cells Eoisinophils 800 species of bacteria. Milk microbiomics is a hot topic of research, as r o Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 protect the baby, as well as growth factors that stimulate the t B cells Neutrophils AntibodiesIgG scientists start to understand how the presence of these bacteria impacts a o i Granulocyte-colony (G-CSF) Fibronectin t on infant health in the short and long term. development of targeted tissue types. d Macrophage-colony (M-CSF) e HGF-α HaemagglutininMacrophages inhibitors IgA2 c Bombesin sIgA M Interferon-gamma a Lymphocytes- T cells IgD y Epithelial growth factor (EGF) r IgE F o Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), TGF β1, TGF-β2 Mucosal pathogens t IgM Complement C2 Complement C3 Complement C5 l Alpha-lactalbumin - a Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) Complement C8 a Most common whey protein in m Complement C1, Erythropoietin Neurotensin ) Complement C7 Alpha-lactoglobulin i Stem Cells- cells that m Complement C4 Lactoperoxidase human milk, with pain relief a b l HMGF I , HMGF I�, HMGF I�I divide and self-renew to f Complement C6, Mucins abilities (opioid like compounds) and Nerve growth factor (NGF) o n create and repair different organs I anti-microbial compounds. It has antiviral r β-Endorphins Cortisol Complement C9 Lewis antigens / c and systems. These cells are absorbed s β-Defensin-1 Tumour necrosis factor-α actions against HIV components. When r PDGF Insulin Lactadherin i Thyroxine Catalase Alpha-2 macroglobulin o by the baby, but their function t Calcitonin Ribonuclease alpha-lactalbumin is exposed to stomach c Prostacyclins Peptides Cholecystokinin polysaccharides Lysozyme m remains unknown. Stem cells are a HGF-β i acid, it binds to oleic acid and changes shape to F VEGF Amylase Triiodothyronine (T3) FIL Lipase t being widely used in research for a h Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP Maternal immunoglobulins become HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin t Histaminase n Somatostatin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Arylsulfatase w variety of diseases including o PAF-acetylhydrolase Made Lethal to Tumour cells). HAMLET r Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) Oxytocin A G Phosphatase Alzheimers and diabetes. Corticosterone glycosaminoglycans causes the death of cancerous GRH Leptin disaccharides cells when studied in Thrombopoietin Thromboxanes Ghrelin Xanthine oxidase the laboratory. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Antiproteases a-1-antitrypsin Adiponectin PG-E1 PG-E2 monosaccharides Eicosanoids PG-F2 s Prostaglandins a-1-antichymotrypsin te Used by the immune system to identify and neutralise oligosaccharides a foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. ) ) cells B & T H Leukotrienes ( ProlactinEnhances dr Interleukin-1-beta or hy (IL- 1beta), IL-2, IL-4, m rbo o Ca Lactoferrin has an anti-tumour IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 - A group of nes es & chemical signalling molecules. Enzym effect and has been found to significantly They are involved in regulating inhibit the growth of some cancerous cells. the immune system and It helps babies absorb their own iron stores but also ties up promoting a responses to Enzymes are special the iron so it is not available to harmful infection and inflammation. proteins that speed up micororganisms that need iron to survive. It also specific chemical reactions inhibits infection by Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, throughout the body. Cytomegalovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Adenovirus (causes the common cold), Poliovirus,Enterovirus (diarrhoeal virus) and others. Leptin - Helps to suppress Oxytocin - A hormone appetite. May help the baby to that induces feelings of develop brain responses to being Histaminase - well-being and relaxation in both the full, which would prevent children An enzyme that child and the mother. Involved in causing and adults from overeating. Also inactivates and breaks down uterine contractions which help to control helps to reduce the amount of histamine, a substance bleeding after birth and shrink the uterus body fat. Lysozyme - Found in significant released by the body at back to its pre-pregnancy size. quantities in human milk. It is times of stress The mother's uterus contracts during feeds anti-inflammatory and bactericidal, destroying and allergy. and for up to 20 minutes after the bacteria by disrupting their cell walls. Thought feed. Also causes the milk- to protect the infant against diarrhoeal diseases. It ejection reflex, or letdown. increases in concentration in breastmilk as babies get older and more mobile and ncreases further after children reach their first birthday. It is particularly effective against E.coli and salmonella. Hormones are chemical messengers that carry signals from one cell, or group of cells, to others via the blood. Studies in Breastmilk contains over 200 sugars, either complex or simple, monkeys shows that hormone signalling through their milk which provide an important energy source. Some human milk affects the feeding behaviour, temperament and weight gain of oligosaccharides can only be digested by bacteria, and help the infant monkeys. infant to establish a healthy gut microbiome..