^ ^;%.^.. .^A' .**^.^ kf IMAGE EVALUATION 4^ TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 itt lii 12.2 III m US. 12.0 1.1 lUU 11.25 U 11.6 V ^ ''t^^ (?^ PhotDgraphic ^V^ 23 WIST MAIN STMiT ^ 14580 VVfBSTfR,N.Y. ^ Sciences (716)S72-4S03 CorpOTation CIHM/ICMH CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Collection de Series. microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Tachnioal and BIbliographie NotM/NotM taehniquM M bibliographiquM Th( to Th« Inttitut* hM attamptad to obtain tha baat L'Inatitut a microfilm* lo maillaur axampiaira original copy avaHabla for filming. Faaturaa of thia qu'il lui a *t« poaaibia da aa procurer. Laa details copy which may ba bibliographieally uniquo. da cat axampiaira qui aont pout-*tra uniquaa du which may altar any of tho imagaa in tha point do vuo bibllographiqua. qui pauvant modifiar Th( raproduction. or which may iignlficantly changa una imaga raproduita. ou qui pouvant axigar una pot tha uaual mathod of filming, ara choclcad bolow. modification dana la mAthodo normala da filmaga aont indiquAa d-daaaoua. mof Colourad covara/ Colourad pagaa/ CouvartHra da coulour D Pagaa da eoulaur Orl ba, rn Covara damagad/ Pagaa damagad/ th« Couvartura andommagAa D Pagaa andommagAaa aio ot» Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagaa raatorad and/or laminatad/ fin Couvartura raataur^a at/ou pallicui4a D Pagaa raataurias at/ou poiliculAaa aio or Covar titia miaaing/ Pagaa diacolourad. ttainad or foxad/ La titra da couvartura manqua Pagaa dteoloriaa. tachatiaa ou piquAaa Colourad mapa/ Pagaa datachad/ Cartaa oAographgAographiquaa an coulour D Pagaa dAtachAas Th( ahi Coloured inh; (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Showthrough/ JW Encra da coulour (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) Tranaparanca wh Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ Quality of print variaa/ Mt Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an coulour D QualM iniigalo da I'impraaaion dif am Bound with othor matarial/ Ineludaa aupplamantary matarial/ bat Rali4 avac d'autraa documanta D Comprand du material auppl4mantaira rigl raq ma Tight binding may cauaa shadowa or diatortion Only adition availabia/ D along intarior margin/ D Saula Mition diaponibia Lar»liura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou do la diatoraion la long do la margo intirlauro Pagaa wholly or partially obacurad by arrata D alipa. tiaauaa, ate. hava baan rafilmad to Blank laavas addad during raatoration may anaura tha baat poaaibia Imaga/ D appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia. thaaa Laa pagaa totalamant ou partialiamant hava baan omittad from filming/ obacurciaa par un fauiilat d'arrata, una palura, 11 aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa bianchaa ajout^aa ate. ont At* filmiaa i nouvaau da fapon A lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaam dana la taxta, obtanir la maillaura imaga poaaibia. mala, loraqua cala ttait poaaibia. caa pagaa n'ont paa At* film4aa. Additional commanta:/ Various paginal. Thara ara mmim crMtw in tha mkfclla of tht pagtt. Commantairaa supplimantairaa; Thia itam ia filmad at tha reduction ratio chocked below/ Ce document eat film* au taux da rMuction indiqu* cl-daaaoua. 10X 14X laX 22X 26X 30X y n 12X 16X aox a4x 2SX 32X TiM copy fnnMd hcra hat bMn raproduoad thanks L'exemplaira fNm4 fut reproduit grioe A la to tha ganarotlty of: g4n4roelti do: Douglas Library Dougles Library Quaan's Unlvarsity Queen's University Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality Lee images suKrentee ont it« reproduites evec le poSsibia eonsidaring tha condition and lagibllity plus grand soin, compta tenu de le condition et of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha de 9a nettetA de i'exemplelre film*, et en filming contract apacifications. conformltA evec lee conditions du contret de fiimege. Original capias in printad papar covers ara filmad Lee exemplelres origlnaux dont la couverture en beginning with tha front cover and ending on pepler eet ImprimAe aont filmAe en commen^ent tha last page with e printed or illuatratad impree- per le premier plot et en terminent solt par la sion, or tiM ImcIc cover when appropriate. All damiire page qui comporte une empreinte other origlnel copies ere filmed beginning on the dimpreeslon ou dlliustration. solt par le second first pege with a printad or llluetreted impree- plot, selon le ces. Tous les eutres exemplelres sion, end ending on the lest page with e printed origineux sent filmAs en commenpant par la or iilustrsted impression. pramlAre pege qui comporte une empreinte d'imprassion ou d'illustretlon et en terminent per le demlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded freme on eech microfiche Un des symboles suivents apparaltra sur la shell contein the symbol — (meening "CON- dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon le TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), ces: le symbols —^ signlfie "A 8UIVRE", le whichever epplies. symbols signlfie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. mey be filmed et Las certes, plenches, tsbleeux. etc.. peuvent Atre different reduction retios. Those too lerge to be filmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. entirely included In one exposure ere filmed Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atre beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to reproduit en un seul clichA. 11 est filmA A partir right end top to bottom, es meny frames es de I'engle supArleur geuche. de geuche A droKe. rsqulred. This following diegrems illustrete the et de heut en bes. en prenent le nombre method: d'imeges nAcesseire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le mAthode. 12 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 vaiHM«*aM"i«*<>"n'«* 1fP-|/iJiJi A GRAMMAR OF THE CREE LANGUAGE: WITH WHICH IS COMBINED AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHIPPBWAY DIALECT. By JOSEPH HOWSE, Esq., F.B.G.S AND RESIDENT TWENTY TEARS IN PRINCE RUFERT'S LAND, IN THE SERVICE OF THE HON. HITDBON'S BAT COMPANT. LONDON: TRiJBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTEK ROW. 1865. f TO THE NOBLKMBN AND GBNTLBMBN OF THH ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, KD OV TBB CHURCH-MISSIONARY SOCIETY, DBSIONBD TO FACILITATE THE COMMUNICATION ' OF CHRISTIANITY AND USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, TO THB UNINSTRUCTED NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA; AND TO DEVELOPE THB STRUCTURE OF A LARGE AND PECULIAR FAMILY OF LANGUAGES, IS, BY PERMISSION, DEDICATED, WITH 8BNTIMBNTS OF UNFEIGNBD GRATITUDE AND RESPBOT, BT THEIR OBBDIENT SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. 968fil PREFACE. It has been truly observed, that with the abundant information we possess on all other subjects, it is astonishing to reflect how little correct philosophical knowledge we have of the real condition of Man in a state of nature. Nor is it difficult to account for this. Travellers give us ample accounts of the physical character and condition of the inhabitants of newly discovered or uncivilized countries—they tell us of what is obvious to the senses—and here their accounts end. But Man is a compound subject. The mind and moral character are beyond their reach. A knowledge of these can be attained oidy through the medium of their Language, to acquire which, where it is merely oral, is a work of timet labour, and perse- verance. To separate into distinct words the ever- varying and unbroken articulations of an unknown tongue,—to arrange them in conformity with the genius of the language—to analyze and reduce them to their proper elements—in short, to reduce a chaos of new combinations of sound to order, and to dis- cover the intelligible though perhaps novel system in ; i PRBFACB. which they ought to be classed, is a most difficult, but, at the same time, a neeessary task. Where this has not been accomplished, the native character can never be duly estimated—^his answers and enquiries are often misunderstood ; his intentions misrepresented and the real state of his mind can be but very inade- quately conjectured. Hence arise mutual distrust and hostile feelings on both sides, which too often lead to acts of violence, and impress still more deeply the prejudice already existing in the mind of the stranger, as to the moral character and intellectual powers of the Indian, whom he was at first prepared to call an untutored Savaob. The American Indian, notwithstanding his long ^nneotion and intimacy with the whites, is generally contemplated by them as coming under the same description. The object of this work is to raise him from this degrading designation to his just rank among our species, and to leave an evidence for future times, when the people to whom it relates shall, in the progress of civilization, have been swept away, that its mental powers were of a higher order than had hitherto been supposed. The language of which the Grammar is now for the first time laid' before the public, has always ap- peared to me a subject of peculiar interest. In an PRBPACB. Vtt Ethnological point of view, it may be considerod ai, substantially, the leading native language of all the tribes belonging to the British Settlements in North America—it is the language, indeed, of a na- tion which, in its different dialects, is dispersed over a vast extent of country—from Pennsylvania, south, to Churchill River, in Hudson's Bay, north, or twenty degrees of latitude : from Labrador and the Atlantic, east, to the Missisippi, west—from Hudson's Bay, east, to the Rocky Mountains, west—that is, in its greatest width (55** to 115°) sixty degrees of longitude. Historically, or as connected with the origin of nations, it is also full of interest—accordingly I have endeavoured .so to shape my investigations as to enable the philologer to compare, in some points at least, this leading language of the new with those of the old world ; at the same time exhibiting to the gramma- rian the internal structure and mechanism of a liew system of speech —a new plan of communicating thought.