O x 2 Table of Contents · VIEW PER PAGE: · 1 2 SHOWING 1-50 of 52 · OAK CROSS-REFERENCE See BALŪṬ. · ʿ OBAYD ZĀKĀNI DANIELA MENEGHINI a Persian poet from the Mongol period (d. ca. 770/1370), renowned above all for his satirical poems. · OBOLLA C. EDMUND BOSWORTH a port of Lower Iraq during the classical and medieval Islamic periods. · OḠUZ KHAN NARRATIVES İLKER EVRIM BINBAŞ The Tāriḵ-e Oḡuz begins with a short genealogical and topographical introduction connecting the family of Oḡuz to that of Japheth, or Öljey/Oljāy Khan, as he is called in the text, and his son Dib Yāwqu Khan, who lived nomadic life around the lakes of Issyk-Kul and Balkhash. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OHRMAZD CROSS-REFERENCE Middle Persian name of the supreme deity in Zoroastrianism. See AHURA MAZDĀ. · OIL AGREEMENTS IN IRAN PARVIZ MINA (1901-1978): their history and evolution. The history of Iranian oil agreements began with an unprecedented concession granted by Nāṣer-al- Din Shah in 1872 to Baron Julius de Reuter. · OIL INDUSTRY MULTIPLE AUTHORS i. Petroleum and its Products. ii. Iran's Oil and Gas Resources · OIL INDUSTRY I. PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS A. BADAKHSHAN AND F. NAJMABADI The first requisite for an oil or a gas field is a reservoir: a rock formation porous enough to contain oil or gas and permeable enough to allow their movement through it. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OIL INDUSTRY II. IRAN’S OIL AND GAS RESOURCES A. BADAKHSHAN AND F. NAJMABADI The Iranian oil industry is the oldest in the Middle East. Although the occurrence of numerous seeps in many parts of Iran had been known since the ancient times, the systematic exploration and drilling for oil began in the first years of the 20th century. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OḴOWWAT NASSEREDDIN PARVIN (Brotherhood), the name of four newspapers and one magazine published in Tabriz, Rašt, Shiraz, Kermānšāh, and Baghdad in the early 1900s. · OKRA CROSS-REFERENCE See BĀMĪA. · ʿ OLAMĀ-YE ESLĀM SIAMAK ADHAMI “The Doctors of Islam,” title given to two medieval Zoroastrian polemical treatises written in Modern Persian. · OLEARIUS, ADAM CHRISTOPH WERNER (1599-1671), German author, secretary to the Holstein mission to Persia (1635-39), noted for the detailed account of his travels in Russia and Persia. · OLIVE TREE WILLEM FLOOR (zaytun). The cultivated olive tree (Olea europaea L, Oleaceae) is a long- lived, evergreen tree native to the Mediterranean basin. It is valued for its fruit and oil. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OLSHAUSEN, JUSTUS RÜDIGER SCHMITT (1800-1882), German theologian and Oriental scholar, one of the pioneers of Iranian studies in the German-speaking countries. His most important contribution to Iranian studies is his decipherment of the Pahlavi legends of Late Sasanian coins, by which he became almost a second decipherer of the Pahlavī script after Silvestre de Sacy. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OMAN, SEA OF WILLEM FLOOR the sea, or gulf, which divides Iran and the Arabian peninsula and forms the link between the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. · ONO, MORIO ALI FERDOWSI (1925-2001), eminent Japanese scholar and Iranologist. · ONṢOR AL-MAʿ ĀLI C. EDMUND BOSWORTH , KAY KĀVUS b. Eskandar b. Qābus, penultimate prince of the Ziyarid dynasty of Tabaristan (Ṭabarestān) and Gilān, in origin Daylamite, which ruled in the 10th-11th centuries. · ʿONṢORI EIR (ca. 961-1039), celebrated Persian poet of the early Ghaznavid period. · OPIUM CROSS-REFERENCE See AFYŪN. · OPTICS ELAHEH KHEIRANDISH The science of “aspects” or “appearances” (ʿelm al-manāẓer), as optics was called in the Islamic Middle Ages, has a long and impressive history in both Arabic and Persian. · ORANSKIĬ, IOSIF MIKHAILOVICH IVAN STEBLIN-KAMENSKY It is difficult to name a field of Iranian studies which was not included in Oranskii's studies: history of Iranian studies, history of the teaching of Persian and other Iranian languages, the study of the languages themselves, the development of their grammatical structure, etymology, language contacts, dialectology, ethnology, etc. This Article Has Images/Tables. · ORDUBĀD C. EDMUND BOSWORTH a town on the north bank of the middle course of the Araxes (Aras) river of eastern Transcaucasia, former in Persian territory but now in the Republic of Azerbaijan. · ʿORFI ŠIRAZI PAUL LOSENSKY Persian poet of the latter half of the 16th century (b. Shiraz, 1555; d. Lahore, Aug. 1591). · ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO KAMYAR ABDI a major research center devoted to the study of the history, languages, and archeology of the ancient Near East, and Egypt. · ORMURI CROSS-REFERENCE Language spoken by the Ormur or the Baraki. See AFGHANISTAN vii. Parāči. · OROITES C. J. BRUNNER satrap of Lydia, Phrygia, and Ionia during the reigns of the Achaemenid kings Cyrus II and Cambyses. · ORONTES RÜDIGER SCHMITT Old Iranian name, attested only in Greek forms, carried by several personages of the Achaemenid period. · OŠNUYA C. EDMUND BOSWORTH (now OŠNAVIYA), a small town of southwestern Azerbaijan, on the historic route from the Urmia basin toward the plains of northern Iraq. · OSRUŠANA C. EDMUND BOSWORTH a district of medieval Islamic Transoxania lying to the east of Samarqand (q.v.) on the upper reaches of the Zarafšān river or Nahr-e Ṣogd. · OSSETIC LANGUAGE I. HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION FRIDRIK THORDARSON According to the 1989 Soviet census, Ossetic is spoken by about 500,000 people; of these, about 330,000 live in North Ossetia and 125,000 in Georgia. These figures should, however, be regarded with some caution as a large part of the Ossetic population is bilingual, also speaking Kabardian, Ingush, or Karachay-Balkar. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OSSETIC LANGUAGE II. OSSETIC LOANWORDS IN HUNGARIAN J.T.L. CHEUNG One of the features of Ossetic is the number of lexical traces that show ancient contacts with many, often very diverse, ethnic groups. · OSTANES MORTON SMITH legendary mage in classical and medieval literature. · OSTOVĀ C. EDMUND BOSWORTH rural district (rostāq) of northern Khorasan, considered in medieval Islamic times to be an administrative dependency of Nišāpur. · OTANES RÜDIGER SCHMITT Greek form (Otánēs) of the name OPers. Utāna(DB IV 83 u-t-a-n, rendered as Elam. Hu-ud-da-na, Bab. Ú-mi-it-ta-na-na-ʾ), which often is interpreted as “having good descendants”. · ʿOTBI C. E. BOSWORTH the family name of two viziers of the Samanids of Transoxiana and Khorasan. · ʿOTBI, ABU NAṢR MOḤAMMED ALI ANOOSHAHR (ca. 961-1036 or 1040), secretary, courtier, and author of the Arabic al- Kitāb al-Yamini, an important dynastic history of the Ghaznavids. · OTRĀR C. E. BOSWORTH medieval town of Transoxania, in a rural district (rostāq) of the middle Jaxartes River (Syr Darya), apparently known in early Islamic times as Fārāb/Pārāb/Bārāb. · OTTOMAN-PERSIAN RELATIONS I. UNDER SULTAN SELIM I AND SHAH ESMĀʿ IL I OSMAN G. ÖZGÜDENLI The dynamics of Ottoman-Safavid relations during these almost contemporaneous reigns (1512-20 and 1501-24, respectively) are closely connected with the general socio-political and socio-religious conditions in Anatolia, Persia, and the border regions between the two empires since the second half of the 15th century. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OTTOMAN-PERSIAN RELATIONS II. AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS ERNEST TUCKER At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Ottoman conflicts with European powers overshadowed relations with the Safavids. · OUPHARIZES R. N. FRYE (Greek name or appellative Wahriz), general of cavalry in the time of Ḵosrow I. · OUSELEY, GORE PETER AVERY AND EIR (1770-1844), entrepreneur, diplomat, and orientalist. · OUSELEY, WILLIAM PETER AVERY AND EIR (1767-1842), officer and orientalist. · OWL CROSS-REFERENCE See BŪF. · OXATHRES RÜDIGER SCHMITT Persian masculine name, attested only in Greek forms, borne by several Achaemenid personages. · OXUS RIVER CROSS-REFERENCE See ĀMŪ DARYĀ. · OXUS TRUMPET BO LAWERGREN Oxus trumpets are shorter (ca. 10 cm in length) than modern trumpets, but like modern ones they have a flaring bell at the front and a mouthpieces at the back. The most common material is silver, but copper, gold, lead, and gypsum are also used. Some are decorated with human and animal faces of high artistic merit. This Article Has Images/Tables. · OXYARTES RÜDIGER SCHMITT Bactrian noble, satrap under Alexander the Great. · OXYATHRES RÜDIGER SCHMITT brother of the Achaemenid Darius III and companion of Alexander the Great. · OZAI-DURRANI, ATAULLAH K. EIR Afghan inventor and developer of fast-cooking rice, marketed under the name “Minute Rice.” _____________________________________________________________ OAK See BALŪṬ. (Cross-Reference) BALŪṬ common designation in New Persian both for acorn and oak, Quercus L. In west and southwest Iran, where well-defined stands of oak exist, their total surface area has been estimated at 3,448,000 hectares, divided into two main areas: west Kurdistan and the Sardašt region, and on the southwestern slopes of the Zagros. BALŪṬ (Middle Persian balūt and Arabic ballūṭ from Aram. bāloṭ/belūṭā; see Mashkour, p. 82), common designation in New Persian both for acorn and oak,Quercus L. Geobotany. Botanists-pharmacologists of the Islamic era (in Persia and in Arab lands), like their Greek predecessors Dioscorides and Galen, display scant, if any, information about the great variety of oaks and their habitats, though they know much about the medicinal virtues of oaks and “oak- apples” (see below). Ebn Sīnā (d. 428/1037) even deals with the oak and the chestnut tree under one and the same heading, ballūṭ