ISSN 2560-9815 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | August 2018 Te Young Researcher Te Young Researcher SUMMER 2018 VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 A journal dedicated to the publication of original research from secondary school students Editor-In-Chief John Lambersky Royal St. George’s College Editors Consulting Editors Arshia Amirzadeh Barrie Bennett Nicholas Bethlenfalvy Anthony Campbell Jason Bowles Conover Jeremy B. Caplan Kern Chepeha Hance Clarke Adam Fell Will Fripp Ryan Hamilton Michael Gemar William Howard-Waddingham Jennifer Goldberg Brendan Lai Tim Hutton Arman Majlessi John Lambersky Denis Miller Lori Loeb Pearse O’Malley William J. McCausland Oscar Peters Michael Simmonds Andrew Pyper Ted Higginbotham Jeremy Rau Jaime Malic Suzanne Akbari Financial Support Ira Jacobs Royal St. George’s College Layout and Design Editorial Ofce Jonathan Cresswell-Jones 120 Howland Avenue Toronto, ON, Canada M5R 3B5 www.theyoungresearcher.com Produced and Distributed by Royal St. George’s College ISSN 2560-9815 (Print) ISSN 2560-9823 (Online) 1 Table of Contents 5 On Fire For God: Exploring Adolescent Religious Development Ella F. Moxley 15 Flight to the Stone Age: Investigating the Impact of FAA Cockpit Regulations on Kidney Stones in American Airline Pilots Noor Said 27 Evolution of an Invasive Species: Solidago Canadensis in Europe and the Americas A Comparison Using Ribosomal ITS and 5S-NTS Sequences Rachael Dickenson 38 Comparing Modern Twitter Campaigns To Traditional Campaigning: A Comparison of the Frames and Tones of the 2016 and 1975 UK Referendums Lida Ehteshami 52 Smoke Break: Electronic vs Tobacco Cigarettes Isaac Gallogly 65 Efectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Terapy for Major Depression in Stage II Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the Clínica General del Norte in Barranquilla, Colombia Hector Cure 78 Shifing Perceptions: A Quantitative Experimental Study Regarding the Efect of Positive Kinesics on People Who Stutter Steven Du 2 98 Race, Wrongful Convictions, and Texas: An Analysis of the Impact of Juror and Defendant Ethnicity on Wrongful Convictions in Texas William Howard-Waddingham 112 Evaluation of Essential Oils as an Alternative to Conventional Antibiotics Megan Leinenbach 123 CBD and Lymphoma Sophia Xu 135 Student Perceptions of the Implementation of Formative Assessment: A Royal St. George’s College Case Study Andrew Pyper 148 A Descriptive Study of Adolescent Perceptions of Rural Versus Urban Kentucky High School Student Mental Health Challenges Allison Tu 164 LED Color Temperature and its Efect on the Growth of Hydroponic Lettuce Seedlings Justin Shaw 3 Editorial Te truth is hard to fnd. We live in a world with so much information that it is difcult to tell what is right and what is wrong. Opinions can become fact, with little research done to support them. Te Young Researcher is published with the goal of dispelling this notion among youth, providing a forum for reliable and truthful research, and inspiring future young people to become more involved in academia. We believe this can be achieved no matter a person’s age or location. Anyone who is willing to work hard can add to our collective knowledge. Every paper published in this journal is devoted to truth. Te authors featured lef no stone unturned in their quest for new and meaningful information. Te papers represent a range of topics and represent the broad range of research necessary to fnd truth. Te papers analyzed pertinent topics in several important felds. To ensure the journal did not fall to publication bias, any result could be published regardless of its fndings: whether it established a landmark conclusion or concluded that the original hypothesis was incorrect. Te Young Researcher prides itself on utilizing a blind peer- reviewed process. In this manner, it ensures that the published research is of a high quality, and the research conducted is valid and truthful. We hope you enjoy this collection of studies and that it gives you a new understanding about the world. Welcome to Te Young Researcher. Te Editors Arshia Amirzadeh Brendan Lai Nicholas Bethlenfalvy Arman Majlessi Jason Bowles Conover Denis Miller Kern Chepeha Pearse O’Malley Adam Fell Oscar Peters Ryan Hamilton Andrew Pyper William Howard-Waddingham Jeremy Rau 4 THE YOUNG RESEARCHER, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 2018 On Fire For God: Exploring Adolescent Religious Development Ella F. Moxley High school students are navigating new social relationships and milestones; in this process, they may be forced to reevaluate their own religious identity. Tis research study asked the question, “How do adolescents ages 16-18 view their own religious development in a time when they have gained greater autonomy from their parents, and what factors do they see as most important in forming their own religious identity?” Trough a series of half-hour phenomenological interviews with six carefully selected students, this study seeks a better understanding of those factors infu- encing the religious identity of adolescents. Interview questions were aimed at fnding shifs in the participants’ religious identity in adolescence. Te study is a critical investigation as it allows for a better understanding of what kind of events, people, or institutions are most infuential in a young person’s life. Data analysis revealed four distinct themes: community, personal relationships, educa- tion, and morality. I examine those themes and show how they reveal that late adolescence is a time of complex identity development. My principal conclusion is that adolescents are active agents in their development of religious identity. Tey use the messages they receive from outside sources to inform their own choices about their religious identity and the role that religion plays in their lives. Keywords: Religious development, adolescents, socialization, autonomy Introduction tance of religion within their overall identity (p. 879). Religious identity can or perhaps should be viewed Religious activities are an integral part of many as involving multiple factors, in which the family is a American teenagers’ lives, yet for many young people, compelling factor. Regnerus, Smith, and Smith (2004) their religious identity exceeds the ascribed beliefs in recognize how religion is inherently practiced in the which they were raised. Troughout adolescence, company of others (p. 27), which is why Zhai, Ellison, exploration, fueled in large part by doubt, can help Stokes, and Glenn (2008) make the claim that family young people better defne their religious identities can provide a socializing pull for the development of (Baltazar & Cofn, 2011, p. 188). Smith (2011) holds a religious identity (p. 380). Tis means that in order that identity for any group is made up of their mem- to understand a young person’s religious identity, it is bership, position, and status within a social group (p. critical to also understand how they are infuenced by 217). Nelson (2010) describes religious identity as their parents. composed of three signifcant elements: belief, action, Tis paper aims for a better understanding of how and membership (p. 337). As young people age, their complex social interactions, as well as important mo- personal beliefs, as well as memberships to certain ments in adolescents’ lives, can shape their religious groups, may shif in response to outside factors. identities. Te principal research question for this Another aspect of religious identity relevant to un- study asks “How do adolescents ages 16-18 view their derstanding how religion factors into a teen’s view of own religious identity development in a time when oneself is religious salience, which James, Lester, and they have gained greater autonomy from their par- Brooks (2014) describe as how one sees the impor- ents, and what factors do they see as most important 5 ON FIRE FOR GOD: EXPLORING ADOLESCENT RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT in forming their own religious identities?” Tis ques- young people’s orientation towards religion is ofen tion illuminates the lives of young adults and facili- more rigid and concrete during early stages of the life tates an understanding of those factors holding im- course in which parental stipulation is likely a potent portance for a young person’s growth into an adult. factor (p. 1027). Tese observations reveal that early stages of religious identity are ofen one dimensional due to the fact that young children have not yet criti- Literature Review cally examined the religious identity ascribed to them by their parents. High School Student’s Religious Experience As adolescents move further into biological and social development they not only gain new cognitive Troughout the last few decades, researchers fo- abilities, they also go through what Kox, Meeus, and cusing on religious identity have illuminated the Hart (1991) would call “turning points,” where chang- religious lives of adults by focusing on college-aged es in life correlate with shifs in how adolescents think young adults (18-22 year olds). Tis has lef a con- about their religious identity (p. 234). Tese changes siderable gap in understanding younger age groups, are immensely important because Armet (2009) fnds which led Bebiroglu, van der Noll, and Roskama that such changes can culminate in the development (2017) to focus on the “need to move beyond ex- of a young person’s identity, which is “one of the most amining adult conversations to study children and important tasks of adolescence” (p. 279). As children understand their perspectives” (p. 290). Te body of begin to mature, the way they relate to their own re- literature that does focus on a younger age group is ligious identity may shif. To become an active agent clear that the experiences of high school students are in defning one’s own identity is a critical transition critical to the feld due to the fact that young adults into more autonomous functioning and higher level are biologically primed to begin thinking more deep- thinking. ly about abstract religious concepts (Barry, Nelson, Davarya, & Urry, 2010, p. 312). Older Adolescence: Understanding how American teenagers de- velop their religious identity is especially relevant in Watson, Howard, Hood, and Morris’s (1988) re- the digital age.