Forestry Outlook Study for West and Central Asia (FOWECA) - FOWECA/WP/1 Working Paper ENERGY IN WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA - woodfuel contribution and possible damages to forests caused by fuelwood and charcoal consumption EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS WATERSHED - Economic, social and institutional aspects of forest in an integrated watershed management Wisam Osman Hannaneh M. Kangarani Rome, 2005 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2006 FORESTRY OUTLOOK STUDY FOR WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA – Working paper iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................................V 1 IMPORTANCE OF FUELWOOD AND CHARCOAL AS ENERGY SUPPLY COUNTRY BY COUNTRY ................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 HOTSPOTS CREATED BY FUELWOOD COLLECTION IN THE REGION............................... 29 3 CHARCOAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE REGION ....................................... 35 4 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 39 ANNEX I.............................................................................................................................................................. 41 ANNEX II ............................................................................................................................................................ 45 5 EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS WATERSHED........................................................................................ 47 5.1 ECONOMIC , SOCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF FOREST IN AN INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................................... 47 5.2 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 47 5.3 COUNTRIES BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 49 5.4 ECONOMIC SITUATION ........................................................................................................................ 54 5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ................................................................................................................ 56 5.6 LAND USE ........................................................................................................................................... 57 5.7 FORESTS ............................................................................................................................................. 58 5.8 RANGE LANDS .................................................................................................................................... 59 5.9 AGRICULTURAL LANDS ....................................................................................................................... 59 5.10 WATER RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 60 5.11 SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES ....................................................................................... 61 5.12 DAMS .................................................................................................................................................. 61 5.13 WATER WITHDRAWAL ........................................................................................................................ 62 5.14 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 63 5.15 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................. 64 5.16 LIVELIHOOD ASSETS :.......................................................................................................................... 64 6 ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................................... 67 6.1 MAIN FOREST ISSUES ......................................................................................................................... 67 6.2 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 69 6.3 MAIN WATER ISSUES .......................................................................................................................... 69 6.4 ECONOMIC IMPACTS ........................................................................................................................... 71 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................................................................................. 71 6.6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACTS ............................................................................................................... 72 6.7 SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................................................................................................................. 72 6.8 TURKEY 'S POSITION ............................................................................................................................ 73 6.9 SYRIA 'S POSITION ................................................................................................................................ 73 6.10 IRAQ 'S POSITION .................................................................................................................................. 74 6.11 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................... 74 6.12 MAIN PEOPLE ISSUES .......................................................................................................................... 75 6.13 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 78 6.14 MAIN FOREST & WATER ISSUES ......................................................................................................... 79 6.15 CONCLUSIONS : ................................................................................................................................... 80 6.16 MAIN FOREST & PEOPLE ISSUES ......................................................................................................... 81 6.17 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 84 6.18 MAIN WATER & PEOPLE ISSUES ......................................................................................................... 85 6.19 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 88 iv Wisam Osman/Hannaneh M. Kangarani 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................. 91 8 ANNEX 1 WHAT IS THE GAP? ........................................................................................................... 95 9 ANNEX 2 ASSESSMENT OF THE GAP PROJECT .......................................................................... 97 10 ANNEX 3 UN LAW OF NON-NAVIGATIONAL USES OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES CONVENTION APPLICATION TO THE EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS WATERSHED ......................................................................................................................................... 99 11 ANNEX 4: TABLES .............................................................................................................................. 101 12 ANNEX 5: MAPS .................................................................................................................................. 111 13 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 113 FORESTRY OUTLOOK STUDY FOR WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA – Working paper v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To give a clear idea about the situation of woodfuel (fuelwood and charcoal) in West and Central Asia, the 23 countries have been divided into three main regions (West Asia region, Northern Peninsular region, Central Asia and Caucasus region). Each region contains one or more zones. West Asia consists of the Arabian Peninsula zone. Northern Peninsular consists of Mediterranean zone,