THE SENATE OF LE SÉNAT DU CANADA CANADA FINAL REPORT ON THE CANADIAN NEWS MEDIA Volume 2 of 2 Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications Chair The Honourable Lise Bacon Deputy Chair The Honourable David Tkachuk June 2006 Ce document est disponible en français. * * * This report and the Committee’s proceedings are available online at www.senate-senat.ca/transcom.asp. Hard copies of these documents are also available by contacting the Senate Committees Directorate at (613) 990-0088 or at [email protected]. MEMBERSHIP The Honourable Lise Bacon, Chair The Honourable David Tkachuk, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Senators: Willie Adams *Marjory Lebreton, P.C. (or Gerald Comeau) Pat Carney, P.C. Terry M. Mercer John Trevor Eyton Pana Merchant *Daniel Hays (or Joan Fraser) Jim Munson Janis G. Johnson Gerard A. Phalen Rod A.A. Zimmer * Ex Officio Members In addition, the Honourable Senators George Baker, P.C., Tommy Banks, Michel Biron, Eymard G. Corbin, Pierre De Bané, P.C., Consiglio Di Nino, Joyce Fairbairn, P.C., J. Michael Forrestall, Aurélien Gill, B. Alasdair Graham, P.C., Leonard Gustafson, Laurier L. LaPierre, John Lynch-Staunton, Lorna Milne, Wilfred P. Moore, Nancy Ruth, Pierre- Claude Nolin, Mira Spivak, Gerry St. Germain, P.C., Terry Stratton, and Marilyn Trenholme Counsell have participated in this study since the tabling of the Interim Report in April 2004. Research Staff: Joseph Jackson, Library of Parliament Terrence Thomas, Library of Parliament David M. Black, Special Advisor to the Committee Adam Thompson Clerk of the Committee The Committee also expresses thanks to Alexandre Drago in the office of the Chair; Rhonda Walker and Robin Hay in the office of the Deputy Chair; Céline Ethier in the office of Senator Fraser, former Chair; Tracy Bellefontaine in the office of Senator Johnson and Till Heyde, former Clerk of the Committee, and Jessica Richardson with the Committees Directorate, for their contributions to this study. i ORDER OF REFERENCE Extract from the Journals of the Senate of Thursday, April 27, 2006: The Honourable Senator Robichaud, P.C., for the Honourable Senator Bacon, moved, seconded by the Honourable Senator Dallaire: That the Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications be authorized to examine and report on the current state of Canadian media industries, emerging trends and developments in these industries; the media's role, rights, and responsibilities in Canadian society; and current and appropriate future policies relating thereto; That the Committee submit its final report to the Senate no later than June 30, 2006 and that it retain until July 31, 2006 all powers necessary to publicise its findings; and That the papers and evidence received and taken and the work accomplished by the Committee on the subject since the Second Session of the Thirty-Seventh Parliament be referred to the Committee. The question being put on the motion, it was adopted. Paul C. Bélisle Clerk of the Senate (This Order of Reference is similar to the Committee’s Orders of Reference for this study during previous parliamentary sessions.) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 APPENDIX I: WHAT THE COMMITTEE HEARD FROM WITNESSES....................... 3 A. Changes in Society and Innovations in Communication Technologies.................. 3 B. Ownership............................................................................................................... 5 C. Foreign Ownership................................................................................................14 D. Legislation............................................................................................................. 15 1. Shield Laws........................................................................................................... 15 2. Access to Information........................................................................................... 16 3. Whistleblowers ..................................................................................................... 17 4. Funding for Research and Media Initiatives......................................................... 18 E. Regulators ............................................................................................................. 19 1. The Competition Bureau....................................................................................... 19 2. The CRTC and the Broadcasting Act ................................................................... 21 3. The Relationship Between the CRTC and the Competition Bureau..................... 23 F. Public Broadcasting.............................................................................................. 23 1. CBC/Radio-Canada............................................................................................... 23 2. Educational Television.......................................................................................... 25 3. Not-for-Profit Broadcasters.................................................................................. 26 4. Community Media................................................................................................ 27 G. Other Media.......................................................................................................... 28 1. Canadian Press...................................................................................................... 29 2. Official Language Minority Media....................................................................... 31 3. Ethnic Media......................................................................................................... 32 4. Minorities in the Mainstream................................................................................ 33 5. Aboriginal Media.................................................................................................. 34 H. Self-Regulation, Governance and Training .......................................................... 35 1. Public Editors/Ombudsmen .................................................................................. 35 2. Press Councils....................................................................................................... 35 3. Canadian Broadcast Standards Council................................................................ 36 4. Statements of Principle and Codes of Ethics ........................................................ 37 5. Journalists, Employment and Freelancers............................................................. 39 6. Training, Education and Research ........................................................................ 43 APPENDIX II: OWNERSHIP CHANGES......................................................................... 47 A. Recent Changes in the Media Sector .................................................................... 47 1. Cross-Media Transactions.................................................................................... 50 2. Community Newspapers....................................................................................... 51 3. Radio..................................................................................................................... 54 B. Two Recent Cases of Interest ............................................................................... 56 1. The CKAC Decision............................................................................................. 56 2. The Irving Interests and Radio in New Brunswick............................................... 58 C. How Media Concentration Developed in Several Markets .................................. 60 1. Vancouver............................................................................................................. 60 2. Quebec and New Brunswick................................................................................. 68 iii APPENDIX III: SURVEY OF CANADIANS................................................................... 72 A. Canadians’ Use of News Media............................................................................ 73 B. Trust in the News.................................................................................................. 77 C. Comparing Canadian and American Attitudes ..................................................... 82 D. Foreign Ownership, Concentration and Cross Media Ownership ........................ 86 E. Conclusions........................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX IV: FOREIGN OWNERSHIP POLICY IN CANADA................................. 90 A. Foreign Ownership Restrictions in Broadcasting ................................................. 90 B. Foreign Ownership Restrictions in Newspapers................................................... 90 C. Foreign Ownership Policy and NAFTA ............................................................... 91 APPENDIX V: MEDIA LEGISLATION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES......................... 93 APPENDIX VI: CHANGE IN THE REGULATORY REGIME ...................................... 97 A. Maintaining the Status Quo .................................................................................. 97 B. Modest Changes to the Mandates of the Competition Bureau and the CRTC ..... 97 1. The Competition Bureau....................................................................................... 97 2. The CRTC............................................................................................................