THE CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT WOMEN AND OF VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN “Original, highly topical and timely. Now The extent of violence against women is is the moment for policy makers and currently hidden. How should violence be commissioners of research to heed its Sylvia Walby, Jude Towers, messages so that its full nature can be measured? How should research and new addressed.” ways of thinking about violence improve its Susie Balderston, Consuelo Corradi, Ruth Lewis, University of Northumbria measurement? Could improved measurement Brian Francis, Markku Heiskanen, “An ambitious, theoretical, and practical change policy? Karin Helweg-Larsen, Lut Mergaert, conceptualization of a new framework Philippa Olive,Emma Palmer, Heidi Stöckl, for the measurement of violence against The book is a guide to how the measurement Sofia Strid women and men.” of violence can be best achieved. It shows Donna Hughes, University of Rhode Island how to make femicide, rape, domestic “This short but powerful book will be a violence, and FGM visible in official statistics. game changer for all those claiming a It offers practical guidance on definitions, THE CONCEPT AND role in making sense of and responding to indicators and coordination mechanisms. It gendered violence(s).” Sandra Walklate, Liverpool University & reflects on theoretical debates on ‘what is Monash University gender’, ‘what is violence’ and ‘the concept of MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE coercive control’, and introduces the concept “Accurate measurement of gender-based A SHARING ECONOMY violence is necessary to advocate for of ‘gender saturated context’. Analysing the AGAINST WOMEN AND MEN changes in policies that will make a real socially constructed nature of statistics and difference in the lives of women and girls.” the links between knowledge and power, Lisa Gormley, the London School of Economics & Political Science it sets new standards and guidelines to influence the measurement of violence in the POLI “Shows why there needs to be a gender coming decades. TOWERS ET AL WALBY, approach to data gathering and a really CY important contribution to understanding PR what needs to be done to improve it.” Hilary Fisher, Women’s Aid ES SP “This book comes at a critical moment in the history of advocacy and policy making on violence against women.” Holly Johnson, University of Ottawa “Walby and colleagues present a compelling case for revising the way in OLIC which data on interpersonal violence is collected.” Y & PR Andy Myhill, College of Policing POLI CY AC PR T ICE ES SP www.policypress.co.uk ISBN 978-1-4473-3263-3 OLIC POLICY PRESSPOLICY & PRACT ICE POLICY PRESSPOLICY & PRACT ICE @policypress Y & PR GENDER STUDIES / SOCIOLOGY / PolicyPress POLICY PRESSPOLICY & PRACT ICE CRIMINOLOGY / CRIMINAL JUSTICE 9 781447 332633 AC T ICE WALBY_The concept and measurement of violence against women and men_pbk.indd 1 1/23/2017 4:33:23 PM Sylvia Walby, Jude Towers, Susie Balderston, Consuelo Corradi, Brian Francis, Markku Heiskanen, Karin Helweg-Larsen, Lut Mergaert, Philippa Olive, Emma Palmer, Heidi Stöckl and Sofia Strid THE CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND MEN POLICY PRESSPOLICY & PRACT ICE First published in Great Britain in 2017 by Policy Press North America office: University of Bristol Policy Press 1-9 Old Park Hill c/o The University of Chicago Press Bristol 1427 East 60th Street BS2 8BB Chicago, IL 60637, USA UK t: +1 773 702 7700 +44 (0)117 954 5940 f: +1 773 702 9756 [email protected] [email protected] www.policypress.co.uk www.press.uchicago.edu © Policy Press 2017 The digital PDF version of this title is available Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits adaptation, alteration, reproduction and distribution for non-commercial use, without further permission provided the original work is attributed. 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All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Policy Press. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the author and not of the University of Bristol or Policy Press. The University of Bristol and Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design by Policy Press Front cover: image kindly supplied by www.alamy.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by CMP, Poole Policy Press uses environmentally responsible print partners Contents Glossary iv Notes on authors vii Acknowledgements xii 1 Introduction: measuring violence to end violence 1 2 Legal and policy developments 17 3 Conceptualising violence and gender 31 4 Different forms of violence 57 5 Collecting data 103 6 Coordination 145 7 A new measurement framework and its indicators 159 Index 171 iii Glossary ACE Adverse Childhood Experiences ACUNS Academic Council of the United Nations CAHRV Coordinated Action on Human Rights Violations CASI Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing CAT Convention Against Torture CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CIN Child In Need COST Cooperation in Science and Technology CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSEW Crime Survey for England and Wales CTS Conflict acticsT Scale CWASU Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit (London Metropolitan University) DEVAW Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women DGs Directorate-Generals DHS Demographic and Health Surveys GBD Global Burden of Disease EACEA Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency ECHR European Convention of Human Rights ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes iv GLOSSARY ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EHRC Equality and Human Rights Commission EIGE European Institute for Gender Equality EU European Union EVAW End Violence Against Women FGM Female Genital Mutilation FRA Fundamental Rights Agency GREVIO Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence HEUNI European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control HMIC Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICCS International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th revision ICECI International Classification of External Causes of Injury ICESCR International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal on Yugoslavia IPFM intimate partner or family member ISG Injury Surveillance Guidelines ISHMT International Shortlist for Hospital Morbidity Tabulation IVAWS International Violence against Women Survey LGBQTI lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, transgender and intersex NGO non-governmental organisation ONS Office for National Statistics PACE Parents Against Child Sexual Exploitation v THE CONCEPT AND MEASUREMENT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND MEN PI Principal Investigator SARC Sexual Assault Referral Centre SCCI Standardisation Committee for Care Information SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UN Women UN Entity on Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women UN–CTS United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime VAW Violence Against Women WAVE Women Against Violence Europe WHO World Health Organization vi Notes on authors Sylvia Walby is Distinguished Professor of Sociology, UNESCO Chair of Gender Research and Director of the Violence and Society UNESCO Centre, Lancaster University, UK. She is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, UK. She is author – with Philippa Olive, Jude Towers, Brian Francis, Sofia Strid, Andrea Krizsán, Emanuela Lombardo, Corinne May-Chahal, Suzanne Franzway, David Sugarman, Bina Agarwal and Jo Armstrong – of Stopping Rape: Towards a Comprehensive Policy (Policy Press, 2015). She is also author of Crisis (Polity, 2015), The Future of Feminism (Polity, 2011) and Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities (Sage, 2009). Her current research focuses on trafficking in human beings and theorising violence. Jude Towers is a doctor of applied social statistics, Lecturer in Sociology and Quantitative Methods, Associate Director of the Violence and Society UNESCO