Computer Structure and Logic Second Edition Pearson Certification Team 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA ii Computer Structure and Logic Computer Structure and Logic Associate Publisher Second Edition Dave Dusthimer Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. Acquisitions Editor All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or Betsy Brown transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, Development Editor without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect Andrew Cupp to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in Managing Editor the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or Sandra Schroeder omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. 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Contents iii Contents at a Glance Introduction xxii CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers 2 CHAPTER 2 Understanding Computer Math, Measurement, and Processing 40 CHAPTER 3 Motherboards and Buses 76 CHAPTER 4 The CPU 120 CHAPTER 5 Memory and Storage 172 CHAPTER 6 I/O Devices and Ports 222 CHAPTER 7 Computer Operation 276 CHAPTER 8 Operating Systems and Their Characteristics and Interfaces 316 CHAPTER 9 Operating Systems Architecture, Confi guration, and Management 350 CHAPTER 10 Networks 404 CHAPTER 11 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 464 CHAPTER 12 Basic Security 488 CHAPTER 13 Computer Troubleshooting 534 Glossary 572 CompTIA A+ 220-801 and 220-802 Exam Objectives 584 Index 587 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... xxii CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers ................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 History of Computers ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 The von Neumann Computer Model........................................................................................................................ 5 Modern Computers .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 From Tubes to Transistors ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Integrated Circuits ..................................................................................................................................................10 History of the PC .............................................................................................................................................................11 Birth of the Personal Computer ........................................................................................................................11 The IBM Personal Computer ..............................................................................................................................13 The PC Industry Today .........................................................................................................................................14 What Is a PC? ....................................................................................................................................................................16 Who Controls PC Software? ..............................................................................................................................17 Who Controls PC Hardware? .............................................................................................................................20 White-Box Systems ...............................................................................................................................................22 PC Design Guides ..................................................................................................................................................23 System Components .............................................................................................................................................23 What Is a Mobile Computer? .....................................................................................................................................25 Mobile Computer Hardware ...............................................................................................................................26 Differences and Similarities Between Tablets and Laptops ...................................................................27 Mobile Computer Software .................................................................................................................................27 Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................................................................29 Chapter Review Activities ...........................................................................................................................................31 Define the Key Terms for Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................31 Answer These Questions and Case Studies ................................................................................................31 Answers, Explanations, and Solutions ...........................................................................................................36 CHAPTER 2 Understanding Computer Math, Measurement, and Processing .................................40 Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................................................................41 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................................41 Numbering Systems Used in Computers ............................................................................................................42 Decimal Numbering System ...............................................................................................................................42 Binary Numbering System ...................................................................................................................................43 Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary ........................................................................................................44 Hexadecimal Numbering System .....................................................................................................................53 Basic Boolean Operations ..........................................................................................................................................54 AND ..............................................................................................................................................................................55 OR .................................................................................................................................................................................56 NOT ..............................................................................................................................................................................57