IMPROVING INTRA-URBAN PEDESTRIAN SAFETY IN THE LAGOS METROPOLITAN AREA (CASE STUDY OF LAGOS ISLAND CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT) by Babatunde Kayode Tugbobo 213569974 Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Urban and Regional Planning in the School of the Built Environment and Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban. November 2017 ABSTRACT This study investigated ways to improve intra-urban pedestrian safety in the Lagos metropolitan area. The study aimed to encourage increased pedestrian activity by identifying the practical steps that would result in significant improvements to pedestrian amenity, safety and linkages within Lagos Island CBD and the metropolitan area in general. To achieving these objectives, this study employed the use of scientific research methodologies. Data were collected in two phases: secondary and primary data sources. Secondary data includes review of relevant literatures. Quantitative data was gathered, primarily through a field survey (questionnaire), which proved efficient in gathering contemporary data on traffic and pedestrian characteristics. This sample size had 95% level of confidence with disproportionate 5% sampling error. Primary traffic and pedestrian data (including socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and an origin and destination count, etc.) at an aggregated level. Traffic and pedestrian datasets from the field study were adjusted by means of normalization, which enabled amalgamation of these datasets. Data analysis mainly involved statistical methods and the use of computer technology. The study’s findings show there has been a significant increase in the number of private cars on the roads. While the traditional pedestrian system is regarded as a way of life worldwide, in Lagos Island CBD, walking and pedestrians seem to be regarded as subservient and an inconvenience to the flow of automobiles. The empirical analysis revealed overdependence on motorization in all spheres of city life, with significant negative effects on existing road design and the future of Lagos. The study confirmed that the Lagos metropolitan area’s road network is old, outdated and dysfunctional, lacks pedestrian space and utilities. This is slowing down city activities and cannot support the ever-increasing pedestrian population. The study proposes modern intra-urban pedestrian transportation system and other NMT as an efficient alternative means of mobility. It notes that one of the most effective ways to reduce overdependence on motorized transportation is reduce the desire for such and embrace environmentally acceptable means such as a pedestrian system. Overall, this study seeks to enhance the quality of life and create a healthier city that is aesthetically balanced and sustainable. i PREFACE The experimental work described in this thesis was carried out in the School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, from October 2013 to November 2017, under the supervision of Professor Matthew Dayomi. These studies represent original work by the author and have not otherwise been submitted in any form for any degree or diploma to any tertiary institution. Where use has been made of the work of others it is duly acknowledged in the text. As the candidate's supervisor, I have approved this thesis/dissertation for submission. Date: Name: Professor Matthew Dayomi Signed: _________________ Signatur ii DECLARATION I Babatunde Kayode Tugbobo declare that (i) The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. (ii) This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. (iii) This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. (iv) This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. their words have been re‐written, but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b. where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks, and referenced. (v) Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am author, co‐author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. (vi) This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Signature: Date: Author: Babatunde Kayode Tugbobo Signature: Date: Supervisor: Professor Matthews Dayomi iii LIST OF CONTENT CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... i PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xv LIST OF PLATES ..................................................................................................................... xix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... xxi DEDICATION........................................................................................................................... xxii 1. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1: Chapter outline .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2: Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3: Motivation for the study.................................................................................................... 5 1.4: Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 8 1.5: Justification for the study ................................................................................................. 9 1.6: Aims & objectives: .......................................................................................................... 11 1.6.1: Aims: .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.6.2: Objectives: ................................................................................................................. 11 1.7: Research questions .......................................................................................................... 11 1.7.1: Main research question ............................................................................................ 11 1.7.2: Secondary research questions.................................................................................. 11 1.8: Structure of the thesis...................................................................................................... 12 1.9: The Chapter Summary: .................................................................................................. 15 2. CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................... 16 2.1: Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................... 16 2.2: Research design approach .............................................................................................. 17 2.3: Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 20 iv 2.3.1: Research data required ............................................................................................ 20 2.3.2: Research procedures for survey administration: .................................................. 21 2.3.3: Sampling procedures and methodologies ............................................................... 25 2.3.4: Limitations of the Study ........................................................................................... 32 2.3.5: Ethical considerations: ............................................................................................. 33 2.3.6: Reliability: ................................................................................................................. 33 2.3.7: Validity: ..................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.8: Confidentiality: ......................................................................................................... 34 2.3.9: Data storage and access to stored data: .................................................................