Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering Electrical Supply and Demand in Cyprus: Optimal use of Renewable Energy Sources in Electricity Production Written by: Christos Kettenis, 8113949 Supervised by: Dr. Rodger Edwards Temporarily Supervised by: Dr. Paul Watkins Dr. Ruth Wood Dr. Sarah Mander PhD Thesis 2016 Table of Contents Table of Abbreviations............................................................................................... 6 List of Equations ........................................................................................................ 7 List of Figures .......................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 14 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 17 Declaration ............................................................................................................... 18 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................ 19 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................... 21 Section 1.1: Problem statement .............................................................................. 22 Section 1.2: Project aims and methodology ............................................................ 24 Section 1.2.1: Aim, Objectives and Tasks ..................................................................... 24 Section 1.2.2: Project Breakdown ................................................................................ 27 Section 1.2.3: Methodology .......................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................. 30 Section 2.1: Introduction ......................................................................................... 31 Section 2.2: Demographics and Geography ........................................................... 31 Section 2.2.1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 31 Section 2.2.2: Population and Demographics .............................................................. 31 Section 2.2.3: Climate and Terrain of Cyprus.............................................................. 34 Section 2.3: Demand and Consumption ................................................................. 39 Section 2.3.1: Electricity consumption by sector ......................................................... 39 Section 2.3.2: Statistical data about housing stock in Cyprus ..................................... 42 Section 2.3.3: Petroleum products imports and consumption ...................................... 47 Section 2.3.4: Transport in Cyprus .............................................................................. 49 Page | 1 Section 2.4: Power Production, Transmission and Distribution ............................. 53 Section 2.4.1: Electrical infrastructure ........................................................................ 53 Section 2.4.2: Electricity supply and demand .............................................................. 58 Section 2.4.3: Electricity production/distribution equipment and transmission network……………. ...................................................................................................... 61 Section 2.5: Emissions ............................................................................................ 65 Section 2.5.1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 65 Section 2.5.2: European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS) ........................ 65 Section 2.5.3: Important greenhouse gas emissions by sector ..................................... 71 Section 2.6: Energy saving measures ..................................................................... 77 Section 2.6.1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 77 Section 2.6.2: EAC’s energy saving advisory instructions ........................................... 77 Section 2.7: Renewable Energy Sources’ exploitation potential in Cyprus ........... 79 Section 2.7.1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 79 Section 2.7.2: Solar energy .......................................................................................... 80 Section 2.7.3: Wind energy and hydro pumped storage ............................................... 82 Section 2.7.4: Electricity from Renewable Energy selling prices ................................ 83 Section 2.7.5: Electrical network technologies ............................................................ 84 Section 2.7.6: Micro Combined Heat and Power (μCHP) systems .............................. 95 Section 2.8: Chapter Summary ............................................................................... 97 Reference List .......................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 3: Fundamental topics and system component selection ..... 107 Section 3.1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 108 Section 3.1.1: Reasons for not using PV technology .................................................. 108 Section 3.1.2: Reasons for using Solar Thermal technology ...................................... 111 Section 3.2: Fundamental Thermodynamics ........................................................ 113 Section 3.2.1: Basic topics and terminology .............................................................. 113 Page | 2 Section 3.2.2: Thermodynamic cycle .......................................................................... 116 Section 3.2.3: Rankine cycle ....................................................................................... 129 Section 3.3: Component selection ........................................................................ 131 Section 3.3.1: Solar collector ..................................................................................... 131 Section 3.3.2: Solar Thermal heat storage ................................................................. 132 Section 3.3.3: Heat engines ........................................................................................ 134 Section 3.3.4: Underground condenser ...................................................................... 137 Section 3.4: Concept systems’ general design blueprint and specifications ......... 142 Section 3.4.1: Block diagram template ....................................................................... 142 Section 3.4.2: System specifications ........................................................................... 145 Reference List ........................................................................................................ 149 Chapter 4: Concept systems’ calculations and simulation ................. 152 Section 4.1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 153 Section 4.2: Concept System 1 (Direct Working Fluid Vapour Generation) ....... 154 Section 4.2.1: Operation protocol .............................................................................. 154 Section 4.2.2: Household electricity and DHW demand profile ................................ 155 Section 4.3: Optimizing the water based Rankine Cycle ...................................... 160 Section 4.3.1: Increasing the higher pressure level to 20 bar (a) .............................. 160 Section 4.3.2: Usage of Internal Heat Exchangers (IHE) .......................................... 169 Section 4.4: Organic Rankine Cycle ..................................................................... 180 Section 4.4.1: Introduction ......................................................................................... 180 Section 4.4.2: Other types of working fluids .............................................................. 180 Section 4.4.3: Categories of organic working fluids .................................................. 181 Section 4.4.4: Types of Organic Rankine Cycle ......................................................... 185 Section 4.4.5: Working Fluid Selection Criteria ........................................................ 188 Section 4.4.6: Working fluid candidates ..................................................................... 189 Section 4.4.7: Organic Rankine Cycle efficiency calculations ................................... 194 Page | 3 Section 4.4.8: Working fluid toxicity .......................................................................... 204 Section 4.4.9: Sizing the Steam Accumulator (SA) ..................................................... 207 Section 4.4.10:Charging the DHW tank – Determining the tank’s recovery time………………………. ............................................................................................ 210 Section 4.5: Concept System 2 (Direct WFV Generation with Thermal Storage) 211 Section 4.5.1: Introduction ........................................................................................