The Alpine Club of Canada’s State of the Mountains Report Volume 3, July 2020 Moving Mountains Page 4 State of the Mountains Report 2020 A Contents Foreword Staying Safe and Staying Inspired Lael Parrott, Zac Robinson, and David Hik ...................................................................................................................... 2 Feature Essay Moving Mountains: Landslides and Volcanoes in a Warming Cryosphere Brent Ward, Glyn Williams-Jones, and Marten Geertsema ......................................................................................... 4 Knowledge Highlights The Alpine Club People and Mountains of Canada’s The Canadian Mountain Network: Training Youth as Stewards for an Uncertain Future State of the Norma Kassi ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Mountains A New Voice in Mountain Conservation: The Canadian Rockies Youth Summit Report Ben Green, Lucas Braun, Alex Stratmoen, and Destinee Doherty ............................................................................ 15 ___________________________ Milestones: Past, Present, and Future of the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides Volume 3, July 2020 Sylvia Forest ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Public Avalanche Safety in Canada The Alpine Club of Canada Mary Clayton ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Box 8040, Canmore, AB Canada T1W 2T8 Life in the Mountains Phone: (403) 678‑3200 Fax: (403) 678‑3224 [email protected] Arctic Change: An ACC Environment Fund Supported Expedition www.alpineclubofcanada.ca to Resolute and Iqaluit, Nunavut Lauren Erland and Susan Murch .................................................................................................................................... 22 CANADIAN CATALOGUING IN Beyond Species: How will Global Change Affect Species Interactions? PUBLICATIONS DATA Anna Hargreaves .............................................................................................................................................................. 25 The Alpine Club of Canada’s State of the Mountains Report Mining in the Mountains Editors: Erin Sexton, Chris Sergeant, and Jon Moore ................................................................................................................ 28 Lael Parrott Zac Robinson Canadian Alpine Butterflies Deserve Better Monitoring David Hik Felix Sperling, William Sperling, and Zac MacDonald ................................................................................................ 31 Design: Zac Bolan ISBN: 978‑0‑920330‑74‑6 The Role of Conservation Data Centres for Documenting and Monitoring Mountain Biodiversity © 2020, Bruce Bennett and Syd Cannings .................................................................................................................................. 34 The Alpine Club of Canada All rights reserved. No portion Life on Mountains in the Pacific Ocean of this book may be copied Cherisse Du Preez and Tammy Norgard ....................................................................................................................... 36 or reproduced without the permission of the author or the Physical Mountains subject. Submarine Mountains Off Eastern Canada Cover Photo: Mount Joffre David J. W. Piper and Georgia Pe-Piper ......................................................................................................................... 39 landslide, May 2019. Photo: Wilfried Braun Geologic Origins of Canada’s Cordilleran Mountain System Inside Cover: Tent Ridge, Stephen Johnston ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Kananaskis Country. Photo: Kahli April Dark Frontiers: Exploring Western Canada’s Underground John Pollack, Christian Stenner, and Chas Yonge ....................................................................................................... 44 www.stateofthemountains.ca Elevation dependent warming in Canada’s Saint Elias Mountains Scott Williamson ............................................................................................................................................................... 48 Observations and Modelling of Glacier Mass Changes in Western Canada Valentina Radi´c ................................................................................................................................................................. 50 B The Alpine Club of Canada State of the Mountains Report 2020 1 property, and these risks are increasing due to will continue to build on this foundation in the climate change and increased human activity in coming years. Check them all out, and please the mountains. let us know if there is some aspect of Canada’s In this volume, we also highlight a number mountains that you would like to see included in of other impacts of anthropogenic activity in future reports. If you want to learn more about mountains, including the downstream impacts mountain environments, we can recommend of mining (Erin Sexton, Chris Sergeant, and Jon Mountains 101, an award-winning free online Moore), the changes occurring in mountain course, offered through Coursera (www.coursera. glaciers (Valentina Radi´c), and elevational org/learn/mountains-101), that was created by dependent warming in Canada’s highest moun- the University of Alberta in partnership with Parks tain range (Scott Williamson). Canada and The Alpine Club of Canada – by July We are very pleased to shine a bright light on 1, 2020, over 48,000 students from around the The tumultuous several new initiatives that will raise the voices world have registered in the course! of both Indigenous mountain communities and Lastly, more than anything, the tumultuous times of 2020 have youth, who are strong advocates for conserva- times of 2020 have been a reminder to all tion and research. Over the past year, the new Canadians of how fortunate we are to have been a reminder to Canadian Mountain Network formally began wilderness spaces in which to recreate and to operations (Norma Kassi), and the first Canadian explore. As we stay closer to home and seek all Canadians of how Rockies Youth Summit was held in Jasper National activities that are safe to do in a pandemic, more Park (Benjamin Green et al). and more people are rediscovering our parks, fortunate we are to have The biodiversity of plants and animals in trails, and mountain spaces. Let’s hope this leads Canada’s mountains are also receiving more to increased support for protection and conserv- wilderness spaces in attention. Several contributions this year provide ation of these special places from coast to coast insights into our understanding of alpine species to coast. which to recreate and to interactions (Anna Hargreaves), alpine butter- Stay safe and see you in the mountains. flies (Felix Sperling, William Sperling, and Zac Lael Parrott, Zac Robinson, and David Hik explore. MacDonald), and the critical role of conservation July, 2020 data centres (Bruce Bennett and Syd Cannings). We also take a closer look at some of the more Lael Parrott is the ACC Vice-President for Access hidden features of Canada’s mountain environ- & Environment, Professor of Sustainability, and ments. John Pollack, Christian Stenner, and Chas Director of the Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, Yonge take us deep into the caves of Canada’s and Ecosystem Services at the University of British mountains. Last November, Chas Yonge, a Columbia, Okanagan. remarkable Canadian climber, cave explorer, Zac Robinson is the ACC Vice-President for Mountain scientist, and author, was recognized with the Sir Culture, and an Associate Professor of history in the Foreword Christopher Ondaatje Medal for Exploration from Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation at the the Royal Canadian Geographic Society. Sadly, University of Alberta. As for so many Canadians during the Normally bustling Banff Avenue is Chas passed away in January, just as this contri- pandemic, Zoom meetings became quiet mid-day in April. The mountain Staying Safe and Staying Inspired bution was being finalized. David Hik is an ecologist and Professor in the a regular state of affairs. The Reports town reliant on tourism and visitors Finally, we take a deep dive to learn more Department of Biological Sciences, and Associate editors preparing Volume 3. has seen disproportionate layoffs his year marks the publication of the third annual volume of The Alpine Club about the submarine mountains in the oceans Dean (Academic) in the Faculty of Science at Simon Bottom: Lael Parrott; Top (L-R): David and business closures due to the of Canada’s State of the Mountains Report. Of course, 2020 will certainly be off of the west coast (Cherisse Du Preez and Fraser University. Hik and Zac Robinson. COVID-19 pandemic. remembered as a very strange and unsettled year for most of us. Mountains Tammy Norgard) and east coast (David Piper Photo: Todd Korol T and Georgia Piper) of Canada. These seamounts may seem to be immune to human crises and influences, but the Covid-19 pandemic is a stark reminder that all places on