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Bonds, Myron Hura, Thomas-Durell Young Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ARROYO CENTER The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. W74V8H-06-C-0001. Library of Congress Control Number: 2010931679 ISBN 978-0-8330-4399-3 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2010 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/permissions.html). Published 2010 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface This monograph describes steps that the Army might take to improve the ability of Army Service headquarters to command joint task forces. In addition, it describes the capabilities that the Army will need from the other Services, joint organizations, and government agencies to accomplish future missions. This research was sponsored by the Deputy Chief of Staff G-3 and the Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 and was conducted within the RAND Arroyo Center’s Strategy, Doctrine, and Resources and Force Develop- ment and Technology programs. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Army. The Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project that produced this document is DAPRQ0111. iii iv Enhancing Army Joint Force Headquarters Capabilities For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director of Operations (telephone 310-393-0411, extension 6419; FAX 310-451-6952; email [email protected]), or visit Arroyo’s web- site at http://www.rand.org/ard. Contents Preface ............................................................................. iii Figures ............................................................................. ix Tables .............................................................................. xi Summary .........................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................. xvii Abbreviations .................................................................... xix CHAPTER ONE Introduction ....................................................................... 1 Background ......................................................................... 1 Definition of JTF Headquarters .................................................. 2 Study Objective and Analytic Approach ........................................ 4 CHAPTER TWO Challenges in Past and Ongoing Joint Force Operations ................. 7 Historical Force Deployments .................................................... 7 Observations from Recent and Ongoing Deployments ......................11 Headquarters Structures of Selected Recent and Ongoing Operations ....15 Staffing JTF Headquarters .......................................................18 Integrating Joint and Interagency Capabilities ................................21 Air-Ground Integration ....................................................... 22 Integrating SOF and Conventional Forces ................................. 26 Integrating Conventional and Influence/Information Operations ....... 28 Strategic Communications Intended for Media Outlets ...................29 Challenges Posed by Emerging Missions ...................................... 30 Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations .......... 30 v vi Enhancing Army Joint Force Headquarters Capabilities WMD-Elimination Missions................................................. 34 Homeland Defense/Civil Support Missions ................................ 36 Department of Defense Initiatives to Improve Command and Control for Future Contingencies ....................................................39 Summary ...........................................................................41 CHAPTER THREE Potential Capabilities of Future Joint Task Forces ....................... 43 Stability, Combat, and Related Operations ................................... 44 Missions to Eliminate Weapons of Mass Destruction ........................49 Homeland Defense/Civil Support Operations ............................... 54 Estimating Aggregate Demand for Joint Headquarters ......................58 CHAPTER FOUR Approaches to Structuring Army-Led Joint Task Forces .................63 Approach 1: Create JTF Headquarters from Scratch, as Needed, with Individual Augmentees ......................................................63 Approach 2: Use Existing Division, Corps, or Theater Army Headquarters as the Core of JTF Headquarters ......................... 64 Approach 2a: Assign JTF Headquarters Duty to Division Headquarters ...............................................................65 Approach 2b: Assign JTF Headquarters Duty to Corps .................. 68 Approach 2c: Assign JTF Headquarters Duty to Theater Armies ........71 Comparison of Recent Contingencies with Existing and New Divisions, Corps, and Theater Armies ...................................73 Approach 3: Provide Forces to Standing JTF Headquarters Dedicated to Specific Combatant Commands ........................................76 Approach 4: Provide Specialized Headquarters Augmentation to Combatant Commands .....................................................79 Meeting Aggregate Demand for JTF Headquarters ......................... 80 CHAPTER FIVE Tailoring Joint Task Forces to Ensure the Integration of Joint and Interagency Capabilities ...................................................85 Integrating Joint Operations .....................................................85 Integrating Air and Ground Operations .................................... 86 Contents vii Integrating Conventional and Special Operations Forces ................ 88 Integrating Information/Influence Operations and Strategic Communications ...........................................................89 Augmentation from Other Services, Joint Organizations, and U.S. Government Agencies .......................................................89 Training and Exercising with Joint and Interagency Forces ................ 92 Summing Up: Actions Needed to Ensure Timely, Effective JTF Headquarters Deployment ..................................................93 What the Army Can Do ...................................................... 94 What the Combatant Commands and Joint Organizations Can Do ... 94 What the DoD and Other U.S. Government Departments and Agencies Can Do ..........................................................95 CHAPTER SIX Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................ 97 Conclusions ....................................................................... 97 Recommendations ..............................................................