Accelerating Net-Zero High-Rise Residential Buildings in Australia Final Report transport | community | mining | industrial | food & beverage | carbon & energy Prepared for: City of Sydney Client representative: Chris Derksema Nik Midlam Date: 31 August 2016 In association with: Inspired thinking embracing the challenges of a changing world. Acknowledgement pitt&sherry would like to acknowledge the organisations and individuals who made this project possible. Firstly the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance (CNCA) and philanthropies which funded this work in recognition of the global imperative for net-zero buildings as an essential part of a low-carbon and prosperous future. The City of Sydney for scoping and commissioning this work, with assistance from the City of Melbourne. Also the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, The Green Building Council of Australia, the Property Council of Australia, the NSW Department of Planning and Environment, members of the City of Sydney Residential Stakeholders Working Group and staff and others who have all provided input to this report. Very considerable contribution was made to this report by Mike Rainbow and Jan Talacko of ark resources, particularly in Chapters 3 and 4. We would like to acknowledge the developers whose actual buildings in Sydney and Melbourne were modelled, Ecove Pty (Australia Towers) and Innovative Construction & Development Pty Ltd (EQ Tower). Finally, we would like to acknowledge the large number of excellent comments received on the draft report from a wide range of stakeholders, which we have done our best to reflect in this final report. Prepared by: Philip Harrington Date: 31 August 2016 Reviewed by: Mark Johnston Date: 31 August 2016 Authorised by: Philip Harrington Date: 31 August 2016 Revision History Rev Description Prepared by Reviewed by Authorised by Date No. 00 Final Report PH MJ PH 26/8/2016 01 Revision 1 PH MJ PH 31/8/2016 © 2016 pitt&sherry This document is and shall remain the property of pitt&sherry. The document may only be used for the purposes for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the Terms of Engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of this document in any form is prohibited. i pitt&sherry ref: HB16140H002 rep (draft) 31P Rev03/PH Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Context ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 International Experience ............................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Exemplar Buildings ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Market Transformation ............................................................................................................ 13 2. Key Terms and Definitions .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Net-Zero ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Boundaries/Scopes .................................................................................................................. 17 2.3 Operational vs Embodied Energy/Emissions ........................................................................... 18 2.4 High-Rise .................................................................................................................................. 19 2.5 Building Use Classification ....................................................................................................... 19 2.6 New vs Existing ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.7 Performance Levels .................................................................................................................. 20 3. Design Considerations and Abatement Opportunities ....................................................................... 24 3.1 Design Considerations.............................................................................................................. 24 3.2 Abatement Opportunities ........................................................................................................ 25 3.3 Envelopes/Fabric ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Air-Tight Facades ...................................................................................................................... 45 3.5 Hot Water ................................................................................................................................ 48 3.6 Swimming Pools ....................................................................................................................... 52 3.7 HVAC/Hydraulic Systems ......................................................................................................... 55 3.8 Ventilation ................................................................................................................................ 59 3.9 Ceiling Fans .............................................................................................................................. 62 3.10 Car-Park Ventilation ................................................................................................................. 63 3.11 Lighting ..................................................................................................................................... 66 3.12 Appliances and User Behaviours .............................................................................................. 69 3.13 Renewables .............................................................................................................................. 76 3.14 Building Integrated PV (BiPV) ................................................................................................... 79 4. Applied Modelling ............................................................................................................................... 85 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 85 4.2 Context ..................................................................................................................................... 85 4.3 Sydney High-Rise Reference Building ...................................................................................... 89 4.4 Melbourne Ultra-High-Rise Reference Building ....................................................................... 93 4.5 Thermal Modelling Specifications and Results ........................................................................ 96 5. Benefit Cost Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 114 5.1 Methodology and Assumptions ............................................................................................. 114 5.2 Results .................................................................................................................................... 122 6. Pathways to Net-Zero High-Rise in Australia .................................................................................... 128 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 128 6.2 A Strategic and Integrated Approach..................................................................................... 129 6.3 Moving Forward ..................................................................................................................... 134 6.4 Further work .......................................................................................................................... 137 ii pitt&sherry ref: HB16140H002 rep (draft) 31P Rev03/PH List of figures Figure 1: An Integrated, Strategic Approach for Market Transformation ....................................................... xii Figure 2: 26-storey residential apartments designed for Passivhaus certification - Cornell Tech, Roosevelt Island, New York © Handel Architects .............................................................................................................. 5 Figure 3: Market Transformation Approach .................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4: Sustainable multi-features encouraged by BASIX ............................................................................ 22 Figure 5: Commercial and Economic Barriers Associated with High-Rise Residential Buildings ..................... 25 Figure 6 – Carbon Cost Pyramid (Source: Faithful+Gould) .............................................................................. 26 Figure 7: City of Sydney Measures for high-rise multi-unit dwellings ............................................................