Integrated Pest Management Manual U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado June 2019 MISSION STATEMENTS The Department of the Interior conserves and manages the Nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage for the benefit and enjoyment of the American people, provides scientific and other information about natural resources and natural hazards to address societal challenges and create opportunities for the American people, and honors the Nation’s trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated island communities to help them prosper. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Integrated Pest Management Manual U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado June 2019 Prepared for: U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Policy and Administration Denver, Colorado Prepared by: Hydraulic Investigations & Lab Services Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado Peer Review Certification: This document has been peer reviewed per guidelines established by the Technical Service Center and is believed to be in accordance with the service agreement and standards of the profession. REPORT PREPARED BY _____________________________________ Date: __________________________ Scott O’Meara, Botanist Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Denver, Colorado DISCLAIMER This Integrated Pest Management Manual (IPM Manual) is intended as an introduction to its subject matter and as a reference tool. It does not create or alter policy or otherwise implement any law and should not be cited as a source of authority. Portions of this IPM Manual make recommendations for actions to treat pests and invasive species. These recommendations were made using the best information available at the time of preparation of this IPM Manual. No statement in this IPM Manual is intended to contradict any law, regulation, statute, or pesticide product label. The information contained herein, regarding commercial products or firms, may not be used for advertising or promotional purposes and is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firm by the Bureau of Reclamation or the Department of the Interior. Unlisted firms, brands, or products do not imply they are unsatisfactory. Reviewed and accepted by: ___________________________________ Date: _______________________________ Jolene Trujillo, Integrated Pest Management/ Invasive Species Program Coordinator Bureau of Reclamation Policy and Administration Phone: 303-445-2903 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction to integrated pest management .................................................. 1 1.1 Pests ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Integrated pest management ................................................................. 1 1.3 Overview of a successful IPM program................................................ 3 2 IPM planning ................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Project areas .......................................................................................... 4 2.2 Data collection ...................................................................................... 4 2.3 Target pests ........................................................................................... 5 2.4 Partnerships, roles, and responsibilities ................................................ 5 2.5 Goals and objectives ............................................................................. 5 2.6 Management strategies.......................................................................... 5 2.6.1 Action thresholds ........................................................................ 6 2.7 Safety and emergency response ............................................................ 7 2.8 Permits and authorizations .................................................................... 7 2.9 Monitoring ............................................................................................ 7 2.10 Adaptive management .......................................................................... 7 2.11 Documentation and record keeping ...................................................... 8 3 IPM implementation ...................................................................................... 8 3.1 Monitoring ............................................................................................ 8 3.2 Prevention ............................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 Early detection and rapid response ............................................. 9 3.3 Pest control tools ................................................................................. 10 3.3.1 Biological control ...................................................................... 10 3.3.2 Chemical control ....................................................................... 11 3.3.3 Cultural or environmental control ............................................. 14 3.3.4 Mechanical control .................................................................... 15 3.4 Integrating control methods ................................................................ 15 3.5 Research .............................................................................................. 15 3.6 Adaptive management ........................................................................ 16 4 Vegetation management............................................................................... 16 4.1 Plant basics.......................................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Plant habitats .............................................................................. 16 4.1.2 Plant stem form .......................................................................... 17 4.1.3 Plant growth forms ..................................................................... 18 4.1.4 Plant lifecycles ........................................................................... 19 4.1.5 Plant development stages ........................................................... 21 4.1.6 Reproductive strategies .............................................................. 21 4.1.7 Seasonal growth ......................................................................... 22 4.2 Identification and management guide ................................................. 22 4.2.1 Algae .......................................................................................... 22 4.2.2 Submersed aquatic weeds .......................................................... 23 4.2.3 Floating aquatic weeds ............................................................... 38 4.2.4 Emersed aquatic weeds .............................................................. 41 i Contents 4.2.5 True mosses ............................................................................... 47 4.2.6 Terrestrial herbaceous weeds ..................................................... 48 4.2.7 Terrestrial trees and shrubs ........................................................ 79 5 Animal pest management ............................................................................. 84 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 84 5.2 Aquatic invertebrates .......................................................................... 84 5.2.1 Mollusks ..................................................................................... 84 5.2.2 Aquatic arthropods (crayfish, crabs) .......................................... 90 5.2.3 Aquatic or semiaquatic biting flies ............................................ 93 5.3 Organisms associated with closed systems ....................................... 104 5.3.1 Effects of pipe growths on closed systems .............................. 105 5.3.2 Control of pipe growths ........................................................... 105 5.3.3 Iron bacteria ............................................................................. 106 5.4 Terrestrial invertebrates .................................................................... 106 5.4.1 Arthropods ............................................................................... 106 5.5 Vertebrate pests ................................................................................. 136 5.5.1 Snakes ...................................................................................... 136 5.5.2 Birds ......................................................................................... 140 5.5.3 Mammals.................................................................................. 143 6 Pesticide safety and emergency response .................................................. 165 6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 165 6.2 Authorities and technical references ................................................. 166 6.3 Responsibilities ................................................................................. 166 6.4 Pesticide basics ................................................................................. 167 6.4.1 Pesticide classification