Zeolite in tissue engineering: Opportunities and challenges Payam Zarrintaj, Ghader Mahmodi, Saeed Manouchehri, Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh, Mohsen Khodadadi, Morteza Servatan, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, B. Azambre, Seok-jhin Kim, Josh Ramsey, et al. To cite this version: Payam Zarrintaj, Ghader Mahmodi, Saeed Manouchehri, Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh, Mohsen Kho- dadadi, et al.. Zeolite in tissue engineering: Opportunities and challenges. MedComm, Wiley, 2020, 1 (1), pp.5-34. 10.1002/mco2.5. hal-02896992 HAL Id: hal-02896992 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02896992 Submitted on 11 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. 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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Received: 31 March 2020 Revised: 6 April 2020 Accepted: 6 April 2020 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.5 INVITED REVIEW Zeolite in tissue engineering: Opportunities and challenges Payam Zarrintaj1 Ghader Mahmodi1 Saeed Manouchehri1 Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh2 Mohsen Khodadadi2 Morteza Servatan3 Mohammad Reza Ganjali2,4 Bruno Azambre5 Seok-Jhin Kim1 Josh D Ramsey1 Sajjad Habibzadeh6 Mohammad Reza Saeb7 Masoud Mozafari8 1School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK, USA 2Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 3Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 4Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 5Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-Echelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC- EA n◦4362), Institut Jean-Barriol FR2843 CNRS, Rue Victor Demange, Saint-Avold, 57500, France 6Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran 7Department of Resin and Additive, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 8Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Correspondence Abstract Mohammad Reza Saeb, PhD Email: [email protected] Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine follow a multidisciplinary attitude to Masoud Mozafari, PhD, the expansion and application of new materials for the treatment of different tissue Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, defects. Typically, proper tissue regeneration is accomplished through concurrent bio- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. compatibility and positive cellular activity. This can be resulted by the smart selection Email: [email protected]; of platforms among bewildering arrays of structural possibilities with various poros- [email protected] ity properties (ie, pore size, pore connectivity, etc). Among diverse porous structures, zeolite is known as a microporous tectosilicate that can potentially provide a bio- logical microenvironment in tissue engineering applications. In addition, zeolite has been particularly appeared promising in wound dressing and bone- and tooth-oriented scaffolds. The wide range of composition and hierarchical pore structure renders the zeolitic materials a unique character, particularly, for tissue engineering purposes. Despite such unique features, research on zeolitic platforms for tissue engineering has not been classically presented. In this review, we overview, classify, and categorize zeolitic platforms employed in biological and tissue engineering applications. KEYWORDS biomaterials, porous materials, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, zeolite This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2020 The Authors. MedComm published by Sichuan International Medical Exchange & Promotion Association (SCIMEA) and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. MedComm. 2020;1:5–34. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mco2 5 6 ZARRINTAJ ET AL. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ZEOLITE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary under-developing field in which the principles, standards, and capabilities of 2.1 Preparation method engineering, physics, and life sciences are integrated into a unique goal to identify, recognize, and eventually ameliorate Zeolite synthesis is a very significant area of research because the tissue functions. Providing the internal dysfunction organs zeolite with highly uniform microspores is very applica- with the opportunity of regeneration gifted by tissue engineer- ble in various industries such as catalysis, adsorption, and ing is the chief outcome of this progressively flourished field separation.19,20 During the last 60 years, tons of zeolite with of science and engineering.1 unique framework structure, compositions, and properties The common strategies applied by the tissue engineers have have been fully developed utilizing various synthetic meth- undergone a flourishing era in the last decade by the progress ods. In the following paragraph, the various methods of zeolite in nanotechnology and nano-biomaterials.2,3 It has been preparation will be explained along with the useful parameters accepted that a scaffold with a three-dimensional (3D) porous on the zeolite synthesis technique.21 structure provide appropriate substrate for cell migration and growth.4-7 Annabi et al in a comprehensive survey highlighted the importance of controlling the porosity and the microarchi- 2.1.1 Hydrothermal synthetic method tecture of hydrogels and overviewed the available techniques for a successful tissue engineering mission.8 Zeolite because Hydrothermal synthesis points out all the reactions in aque- of the crystallinity is a multiaspect material that has a ous solutions that are happening in temperature and pressures micro- and nanostructure. Nanoporous and nanopatterned more than 100◦C and 1 bar, respectively.22,23 Among existing structures strongly affect the cells and tissue fate because high methods for preparing the zeolite, the hydrothermal synthe- surface area, high protein adsorption, which improved the cell sis method is more reliable because of some unique advan- attachment, and specific topology guide the cellular activity tages such as immense reactivity, facile control of solution or toward specific purpose.9,10 Moreover, it was claimed that interface reaction, suitable condensed phase, and low energy the nanopore structure affects the cellular function by altering consumption.23,24 The hydrothermal synthesis based on reac- the conformation of certain cellular attachment proteins or tion temperature can be considered as subcritical and super- by altering the surface energy.11,12 Loh et al also emphasized critical synthetic reactions.25 In the subcritical technique, the the role of porosity and pore size as microenvironment for temperature is between 100 and 240◦C, whereas in the super- the successful incorporation of cells or growth factors in critical method, the temperature and pressure could increase regenerating damaged tissues or organs.8,13 It was shown up to 1000◦C and 3000 bar, respectively. Supercritical syn- that the preosteoblast cells attachment was enhanced on thesis can expedite the reaction rate, boost the hydrolyzation nanopore topography and in vivo results revealed that the reaction, and immensely change the redox potential of the nanoporosity enhanced colonization and cell diffusion within reactants.25,26 the scaffold.9 On the other hand, scaffolds should present Various factors impact the formation of a unique zeolite adequate mechanical properties and stability to resist tensions structure such as batch composition, reactant sources, Si/A1 and to keep the integrity of the engineered platforms.14-16 ratio, alkalinity, water content, inorganic cations, organic tem- Such multiple requirements can hardly be responded at a rea- plates, solvents, temperature, aging, stirring, and seeding.25 sonable cost by developing nanoporous 3D biomaterials with a nanosize structure. Several classes of minerals have already Bath composition been examined in various biological applications. A unique The bath composition of the reaction mixture determines the family of multidisciplinary nanomaterials used in tissue engi- type of crystallized zeolite products. Like for instance, the neering is zeolite-based platforms that attracted continued bath composition could result in obtain zeolite structures such attentions. as Linde Type A (LTA), faujasite (FAU), analcime (ANA), Thanks to their unique properties and exceptional stability and Sodalite (SOD).27 in biological culture, zeolites were a versatile candidate for tissue engineering.17,18 Zeolites are crystalline aluminosili- Si and Al sources cate materials constituted by an ordered array of micropores In zeolite structure, the major sources of silicon are sodium of dimensions about 0.4-1.2 nm, close to those of many usual water glass, colloidal