OXFAM RESEARCH BACKGROUNDER Accountable to Whom? Promoting women’s rights through extractive industries revenue accountability Namalie Jayasinghe Mirna Jiménez de la Rosa Maritza Ruiz Tamara Billima-Mulenga Mwiinga Cheelo CONTENTS Oxfam America’s Research Backgrounders ............................................. 3 Author Information and Acknowledgments ............................................... 3 Citations of This Paper ............................................................................. 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................... 5 Executive Summary .................................................................................. 7 Why a Women’s Rights Approach? .......................................................... 7 Major Takeaways ..................................................................................... 8 Introduction ............................................................................................ 11 Roadmap of Research Report ................................................................ 11 Methodology ........................................................................................... 12 Country Case Studies ............................................................................. 13 Limitations of Research .......................................................................... 14 Literature Review ................................................................................... 15 Introduction: Extractive Industries and Women’s Rights ......................... 15 Social Accountability ............................................................................... 16 Women’s Rights and Social Accountability ............................................. 18 Barriers and Challenges ......................................................................... 22 Opportunities and Allies .......................................................................... 27 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 34 Introduction to the Case Studies ............................................................. 36 Dominican Republic Case Study ............................................................ 38 The Mining Triangle in the Dominican Republic ...................................... 39 Mining Revenue Flow and Management ................................................. 40 EI Transparency and Accountability Actors ............................................ 44 A Women’s Rights Approach .................................................................. 47 Barriers and Challenges ......................................................................... 50 Opportunities and Allies .......................................................................... 52 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 54 Zambia Case Study ................................................................................ 55 Solwezi District in the North-Western Province ....................................... 56 Mining Revenue Flow and Management ................................................. 56 EI Transparency and Accountability Actors ............................................ 59 A Women’s Rights Approach .................................................................. 62 Barriers and Challenges ......................................................................... 63 Opportunities and Allies .......................................................................... 65 1 Accountable to Whom? Conclusion ............................................................................................. 67 Analysis .................................................................................................. 69 Barriers to Women’s Meaningful Participation ........................................ 69 Opportunities to Advance Women’s Meaningful Participation ................. 71 Final Takeaway ...................................................................................... 72 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 73 References ............................................................................................. 75 Research Backgrounders Series Listing ................................................. 87 Accountable to Whom? 2 OXFAM’S RESEARCH BACKGROUNDERS Series editor: Kimberly Pfeifer Oxfam’s Research Backgrounders are designed to inform and foster discussion about topics critical to poverty reduction. The series explores a range of issues on which Oxfam works—all within the broader context of international development and humanitarian relief. The series was designed to share Oxfam’s rich research with a wide audience in hopes of fostering thoughtful debate and discussion. All Backgrounders are available as downloadable PDFs on our website, oxfamamerica.org/research, and may be distributed and cited with proper attribution (please see following page). Topics of Oxfam’s Research Backgrounders are selected to support Oxfam’s development objectives or key aspects of our policy work. Each Backgrounder represents an initial effort by Oxfam to inform the strategic development of our work, and each is either a literature synthesis or original research, conducted or commissioned by Oxfam America. All Backgrounders have undergone peer review. Oxfam’s Research Backgrounders are not intended as advocacy or campaign tools; nor do they constitute an expression of Oxfam policy. The views expressed are those of the authors—not necessarily those of Oxfam. Nonetheless, we believe this research constitutes a useful body of work for all readers interested in poverty reduction. For a full list of available Backgrounders, please see the “Research Backgrounder Series Listing” section of this report. Author information and acknowledgments Namalie Jayasinghe is a researcher at Oxfam American who works on gender and women’s rights issues. The Dominican Republic case study was written by Mirna Jiménez de la Rosa, a researcher with the Instituto de Investigación y Estudios de Género y Familia, and Maritza Ruiz, a researcher with the Observatorio Dominicano de Políticas Públicas. Both organizations are affiliated with the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. 3 Accountable to Whom? The Zambia case study was written by two researchers from the Zambia Institute for Policy Analysis and Research (ZIPAR): Tamara Billima-Mulenga, Research Fellow, and Mwiinga Cheelo, Associate Researcher. This work was generously funded by the Hewlett Foundation. The report benefited greatly from the comments and inputs of Maria Ezpeleta, Zobeyda Cepeda, Oscar Valenzuela, Giancarlo Martinez, Loriel Adonna Sanchez Ferreras, Raúl Del Rio De Blas, Eneya Maseko, Yvonne Chibiya, Faides Nsofu, Dailes Judge, James Morrissey, Tara Gingerich, Kate Stanley, Kimberly Miller, Maria Ramos, Isabel Munilla, Alivelu Ramisetty, Kimberly Pfeifer, Keith Slack, and Jonathan Fox. Thank you to the anonymous peer reviewers who also contributed to the report. Citations of this paper Please use the following format when citing this paper: Jayasinghe, Namalie; Jiménez de la Rosa, Mirna; Ruiz, Maritza; Billima- Mulenga, Tamara; Cheelo, Mwiinga, “Accountable to Whom? Promoting Women’s Rights through Extractive Industries Revenue Accountability,” Oxfam America Research Backgrounder series (2019): https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/research-publications/accountability- extractive-industries/ For permission to publish a larger excerpt, please email your request to [email protected]. Accountable to Whom? 4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CBO community-based organization CDF Constituency Development Fund CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEFORMOMALI Centro de Formación para Mujeres Organizadas María Liberadora (María Liberadora Training Center for Organized Women) CNR Comité Nuevo Renacer (New Committee Renacer) CNRG Centre for Natural Resource Governance CONAMUCA Confederación Nacional de Mujeres Campesinas (National Confederation of Rural Women) CORDE Corporcion Dominicana De Empresas Estatales (Dominican Corporation of State Enterprises) CORMIDOM Corporación Minera Dominicana (Dominican Mining Corporation) CSO civil society organization CSPR Civil Society for Poverty Reduction CSR corporate social responsibility CTPD Centre for Trade Policy and Development EI extractive industry EITA Extractive Industries Transparency Alliance EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 5 Accountable to Whom? EITI-RD EITI–Dominican Republic ENTRE El Espacio Nacional por la Transparencia de la Industria Extractiva (National Space for the Transparency of the Extractive Industry) FALCONDO Falconbridge Dominicana S.A FOMISAR Consejo Provincial para la Administración de los Fondos Mineros (Provincial Council for the Administration of the Mining Funds in Sánchez Ramírez) FONPER Fondo Patrimonial de las Empresas Reformadas (Patrimonial Fund of Reformed Companies) FPIC free, prior, and informed consent GJN Gender Justice Network MSG multi-stakeholder group NGOCC Non-governmental Gender Organizations' Coordinating Council NRGI Natural Resource Governance Institute NRWG Natural Resource Watch Group ODI Overseas Development Institute WDC Ward Development Committee WRO women’s rights organization ZAMI Zambia Alternative Mining Indaba ZAW Zambian Alliance of Women ZEC Zambia