Encyclopedia of africaN HISTORY and CULTURE Encyclopedia of african history and culture Volume Ii African kingdoms (500 to 1500) Willie F. Page, Editor Revised edition by R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Editor A Learning Source Book Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, Copyright © 2005, 2001 by The Learning Source, Ltd. A Learning Source Book Editorial: Brian Ableman, Edward C. Haggerty, Bertram Knight, Christopher Roberts, Bodine Schwerin (revised edition), Ismail Soyugenc (revised edition), Anthony Yearwood Consultant: Emilyn Brown All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Page, Willie F., 1929– Encyclopedia of African history and culture / edited by Willie F. Page; revised edition edited by R. Hunt Davis, Jr.—Rev. ed. p. cm. “A Learning Source Book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5199-2 ((set ISBN) hardcover) ISBN 0-8160-5269-7 (vol. I)–ISBN 0-8160-5270-0 (vol. II)– ISBN 0-8160-5271-9 (vol. III)–ISBN 0-8160-5200-X (vol. IV)– ISBN 0-8160-5201-8 (vol. V) –ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 (e-book) 1. Africa—Encyclopedias. I. Davis, R. Hunt. II. Title. DT3.P27 2005 960'.03-—dc22 2004022929 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti- ties for businesses, associations, institutions or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Design: Joan Toro, Joseph Mauro III Illustrations: Pam Faessler Maps: Sholto Ainslie, Dale Williams Printed in the United States of America VB PKG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. For my wife, Grace, and my sons, Ed and Chris CONTRIBUTORS Editor of First Edition Willie F. Page is professor emeritus (retired) of Africana studies at Brooklyn College, in Brooklyn, New York. He is the author of numerous reviews and journal articles. His published works include The Dutch Triangle: The Netherlands and the Atlantic Slave Trade 1621–1664. General Editor of Revised Edition R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Ph.D., is professor emeritus of history and African studies at the University of Florida. He received a Ph.D. in African studies from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dr. Davis is an expert on the history of South Africa, African agricultural history, and the history of education in Africa. His published works include Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress (1991) and Apartheid Unravels (1991), along with numerous articles and book chapters. He served as director at the University of Florida Center for African Studies and is also a past editor of the African Studies Review. Contributing Editors of Revised Edition Agnes Ngoma Leslie, Ph.D., outreach director, Center for African Studies, University of Florida Dianne White Oyler, Ph.D., associate professor of history, Fayetteville State University Contents List of Entries xii How to Use This Encyclopedia xxviii List of Images and Maps in This Volume xxx Introduction to This Volume xxxii Time Line (400–1513) xxxiv Entries A–Z 1 Glossary 253 Suggested Readings 257 Index 261 List of Entries A Acholi II, III age sets I Action Front for Renewal Aggrey, James E. Aba II and Development V Kwegyir IV Aba Women’s Revolt IV Adal II, III agricultural revolution I Abacha, Sani V Adamawa III agriculture I, II, III, Abba Libanos II Adansi III IV, V Abbas, Ferhat IV Addis Ababa IV, V Ahidjo, Ahmadou V Abdallahi ibn Ade, King Sunny V Ahmad Grañ III Muhammad IV Aden, Gulf of II Ahmadu Séku IV Abd Alla ibn Yasin II Adowa, Battle of IV Ahmose I I Abd al-Mansur III Adulis I, II Ahmosid /Thutmosid Abd al-Mumin II Afar I, II, III lines I Abd el-Krim, Afar Depression I Aideed, Mohamed F. V Mohamed ben IV al-Afghani, Aidoo, Ama Ata V Abdikassim Salad Hassan V Jamal al-Din IV Aïr Massif II, III Abdullahi Burja II Afonso I III Aja II, III Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed V Africa I Akan I, II, III, IV Abeokuta III, IV African Democratic Akan gold weights I Abidjan III, IV, V Assembly IV Akhenaten I Abiola, Mashood V African diaspora IV Akhetaten I Abo III African National Akil, Chief II Abomey III Congress IV, V akofena II Aborigines’ Rights African Party for the Akosombo Dam V Protection Society IV Independence of Aksum I, II Abu al-Hasan Ali II Guinea and Akure II Abu Bakr II Cape Verde V Akwamu III Abu Hamed I African studies V Akyem II, III Abuja V African Union V alafin II Abuja Accords V Afrikaans III, IV, V Alexander the Great I Abu Salih (I) II Afrikaner Republics IV Alexandria I, IV Abu Salih (II) II Afrikaners IV, V Algeria I, II, III, Abusir, pyramids of I Afro-Asiatic languages I IV, V Abu Yaqub Yusuf II afterlife I Algiers III, IV, V Abydos I Afro-Shirazi Party V Algiers, Battle of IV Abyssinia I Agades III Ali, Duse Muhammad IV acacia gum I Agaja III Ali, Sunni II Accra II, III, IV, V Agaw I, II Allada II, III Achebe, Chinua IV, V Agbor I, II Alliance for Patriotic Acheulean Age I age grades I Reorientation and Acheulean toolkit I Age of Discovery II Construction V Achimota College IV Age of Metals I Alliance High School IV xii List of Entries xiii Almohads II Arabic I, II B Almoravids II Arab-Israeli Wars IV, V alphabets and scripts I Arabs II ba I Alur II Arabs, influence of II Ba, Amadou Hampate IV, V Alvares, Francisco III Arab world Ba, Mariama V Alwa II and Africa V baaskap IV Amanitare I archaeology I, II, III, babalawo II Amarna period I IV, V Babangida, Ibrahim V Amda Siyon II architecture I, II, III, Baba, Shaikh Sidiyya IV Amenhotep I I IV, V baboons I Amenhotep II I Arguin trading fort II Back-to-Africa Amenhotep III I Ark of the movements IV Amenirdis I I Covenant I Badarian culture I Amhara I, III, IV Armah, Ayi Kwei V Bagamoyo IV Amhara National armies, colonial IV Bagauda II Democratic Movement V Arochukwu oracle II, III Baggara II Amharic I, II Arsinoe I I Bagirmi III Amin, Idi V Arsinoe II I Bahriya Oasis I Amina, Queen III Arsinoe III I Bakele III Amnesty International art I, II, III, Baker, Samuel IV and Africa V IV, V al-Bakri II Amratian culture I Arusha Declaration V Balewa, Abubakar amulets I Asaba III Tafawa IV, V Amun I Asantewa, Yaa IV Bali II Amyrtaeus I Asclepius I Bamako II, III, IV, V Anansi I Ashanti II Bamana I ancestor worship I Ashanti Empire III, IV Bambara II, III ancestry I Asian communities IV, V Bambatha’s rebellion IV al- Andalus II asiento III banana II Andrianampoinimerina III Askia dynasty III Banda II, III Anglo-American Asmara II, III, V Banda, Hastings Corporation IV Aspelta I Kamuzu IV, V Anglo-Ashanti Wars IV Assoumani, Azali V bands and segmentary Anglo-Boer War IV Assyrian I society I Anglo-Egyptian astronomy I Bandung Afro-Asian Condominium IV Aswan I Conference IV Anglo-Zulu War IV Aswan Dam IV, V Bangui IV, V Angola I, II, III, Atbara River I Banjul II, III, V IV, V Aten I Bankole-Bright, H. C. IV Anjouan V Atlantic Charter IV Bantu Education V Ankaratra range I Atlas Mountains I Bantu expansion I, II Anlamani I atmospheric change, Bantu languages I Anlo III impact of V Bantustans V Annan, Kofi V Audaghost II Banu Marin II Ansa Sasraku III Augila II baobab tree I Antalaotra III Australopithecus I Bara III Antananarivo V aware I Barbary Coast I, III Antankarana III Awolowo, Obafemi IV, V Barbot, Jean III Antemoro III Awoonor, Kofi V Barghash, ibn Said IV anthropology and Africa IV, V Ay I Bariba II ants I Ayawaso III Bariba metallurgy II apartheid IV, V Azande III bark fiber II Apedemak I Azemmour III Barmandana II Aqaba, Gulf of I al-Azhar II Barnard, Christiaan V Arab coastal trade I, II Azikiwe, Nnamdi IV, V Barotseland IV xiv List of Entries Barre, Mohammed Siad V Bissau II, III, V Bunche, Ralph IV Barth, Heinrich IV Bito II, III Bunyoro III, IV al-Bashir, Omar Biya, Paul V Bunyoro-Kitara II Hasan Ahmad V Black Consciousness Burkina Faso I, II, III, basket making I Movement V IV, V Basutoland IV Black Sash V Burton, Richard IV Batammaliba building blacksmiths I Buruli III traditions III Blaize, Richard Beale IV Burundi I, II, III, Batn el-Hajjar I Blue Nile I IV, V Baule III Blyden, Edward Wilmot IV Busa III Baya IV Bobo II Busaidi III, IV Bayi, Filbert V body adornment I Bushmen I, II beads I Boers III, IV Bushongo III beads and jewelry II Boesak, Allan V Busia, Kofi IV, V Beatrix, Doña III Bokassa, Jean-Bedel V Busoga III Bebey, Francis V Bondelswarts IV Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Bechuanaland IV Bondu III Gatsha V bees I Bongo, Omar V Buto I Begho III Bonny II, III Butua III Behdet I Bono II, III Buyoya, Pierre V Beira III Book of the Dead I Byzantine Africa I, II Beja I, II book publishing V Belgian Congo IV Boran Oromo I Belgium and Africa IV Border Cave I C Bello, Ahmadu IV, V Borgu III Bemba III Borkou II Cabinda III, V Benadir Coast III Bornu II Cabral, Amílcar IV, V Ben Bella, Ahmed IV, V Bosman, Willem III Cacheu III Benguela III Botha, Louis IV Cacheu River I Benin, Bight of III Botha, P.