TAXON: Melochia umbellata SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk (Houtt.) Stapf Taxon: Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf Family: Malvaceae Common Name(s): hierba del soldado Synonym(s): Melochia indica Kurz melochia Visenia indica C. C. Gmelin tangkal bintenoo Visenia umbellata Houtt. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 23 Oct 2019 WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Pioneer, Naturalized, Thicket-Forming, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 23 Oct 2019 (Melochia umbellata Page 1 of 17 (Houtt.) Stapf) TAXON: Melochia umbellata SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk (Houtt.) Stapf Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 23 Oct 2019 (Melochia umbellata Page 2 of 17 (Houtt.) Stapf) TAXON: Melochia umbellata SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk (Houtt.) Stapf Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Native from India to southwestern Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Asia and Malesia to New Guinea; in Hawai'i cultivated and the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University naturalized at least in Hilo and Puna districts, especially Waiakea, of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Hawai'i, where it was aerially seeded after a fire in 1928 (Little & Skolmen, 1989)." Mueller-Dombois, D. & Fosberg, F. R. 1998. Vegetation of No evidence the tropical Pacific islands. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Motooka, P., Castro, L., Nelson, D., Nagai, G. & Ching,L. "Native to India, SW Asia, Malesia to New Guinea. On Hawai͚i, 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An common in Hilo and Puna districts. Aerially seeded in Wai͚akea in Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, UH 1928. Occurs also on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and other parts of Hawai͚i. Manoa, Honolulu, HI Introduced prior to 1871" "Native Asia-Tropical INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India [Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea Germplasm System. (2019). Germplasm Resources INDO-CHINA: India, [Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Nicobar Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Islands)] Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 17 Oct 2019] Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [Western Australia (n.)]" Creation Date: 23 Oct 2019 (Melochia umbellata Page 3 of 17 (Houtt.) Stapf) TAXON: Melochia umbellata SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk (Houtt.) Stapf Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2019). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 17 Oct 2019] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Distribution: Indigenous from India to New Guinea, often common Goldberg, A. (1967). The genus Melochia L.(Sterculiaceae). in secondary thickets, in recent clearings, along the edges of forests Contributions from the United States National Herbarium and rivers, often in red calcareous soil, often in localities affected by 34: 191ʹ363 monsoons, at 0-1,400 (-1,700) meters elevation." [Elevation range may exceed 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] Starr, F., Starr, K. & Loope, L. (2003). Melochia umbellata. "On Maui, Melochia umbellata is reported from near the Waikapu http://www.starrenvironmental.com/publications/species Reservoir, Waikapu Valley, about 1,500 ft (457 m) elevation, where _reports/pdf/melochia_umbellata.pdf. [Accessed 17 Oct several hundred trees occur around the reservoir and up the steep 2019] south slope (Fern Duvall pers. comm.)." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Motooka, P., Castro, L., Nelson, D., Nagai, G. & Ching,L. "Native to India, SW Asia, Malesia to New Guinea. On Hawai͚i, 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An common in Hilo and Puna districts. Aerially seeded in Wai͚akea in Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, UH 1928. Occurs also on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and other parts of Hawai͚i. Manoa, Honolulu, HI Introduced prior to 1871." "Native Asia-Tropical USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India [Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra] Germplasm System. (2019). Germplasm Resources PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National INDO-CHINA: India, [Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Nicobar Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Islands)] Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 17 Oct 2019] MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [Western Australia (n.)]" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Native from India to southwestern Asia and Malesia to New Guinea; the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized at least in Hilo and Puna of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. districts" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Creation Date: 23 Oct 2019 (Melochia umbellata Page 4 of 17 (Houtt.) Stapf) TAXON: Melochia umbellata SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk (Houtt.) Stapf Source(s) Notes [Hawaii Island] "Native from India to southwestern Asia and Malesia to New Guinea; in Hawai'i cultivated and naturalized at least in Hilo and Puna districts, especially Waiakea, Hawai'i, where it was aerially Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of seeded after a fire in 192 8 (Little & Skolmen, 1989). Also collected the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University from cultivated plants on O'ahu, Lana'i, Maui, and other areas on of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Hawai'i. First collected (cultivated material) on O'ahu in 1929 (Ewart III 7, BISH), but recorded as cultivated in Hawai'i prior to 187 1 (Hillebrand, 18 8)." [Kauai] "Previously documented as naturalized on Hawai͚i, Maui, and o͚ahu islands, this species is also naturalized on Kaua͚i, at least in the <ĂůĈŚĞŽĂƌĞĂĂŶĚĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚůLJĂůƐŽŝŶEƵ͚alolo Valley. The population ŝŶ<ĂůĈŚĞŽǁĂƐŶŽƚĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕ǁŚĞƌĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůŵĂƚƵƌĞƚƌĞĞƐǁĞƌĞƐĞĞŶ scattered along a short section of road, in mesic secondary forest. Frohlich, D. & Lau, A. 2012. New plant records for the Material examined. KAUA͚/͗<ĂůĈŚĞŽ͕ŽŶWƵ͚u Road, makai of Hawaiian islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: Kukuiolono Park.