J .. ~ PROFILE OF POVERTY IN THE DURBAN REGION PROJECT FOR STATISTICS ON LIVING STANDARDS AND DEVELOPMENT PREPARED BY J Cobbledick and M Sharratt Economic Research Unit University of Natal Durban OCTOBER 1993 ~, ~' - ( /) .. During 1992 the World Bank approached the Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU) at the University of Cape Town to coordinate, a study in South Africa called the Project on Statistics for Living $tandards and Development. This study was carried out during 1993, and consisteci of two phases. The first of these was a situation analysis, consisting of a number of regional poverty profiles and cross-cutting studies on a na~ional level. The second phase was a country wide household surVey conducted in the latter half of 1993. The Project has been built on the Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty, which assessed the situation up to the mid 1980's. Whilst preparation of these papers for the situation analysis, using common guidelines, involved much discussion and criticism amongst all those involved in the Project, the final paper remains the responsibility of its authors. .' -<, '" -) 1 In the series of working papers on reilional poverty and cross- '"" . cutting themes there are 12 papers: Regional Poverty Profiles: Ciskei Durban Eastern and Northern Transvaal NatallKwazulu OFS and Qwa-Qwa Port Elizabeth - Uitenhage PWV' Transkei Western Cape Cross-Cutting Studies: Energy Nutrition Urbanisation & Housing Water Supply TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION No. PAGE No. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONTEXTUALISING THE DURBAN REGION 1 \ '-. '1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES 5 1.3 ECONOMIC ENVIROMENT 6 2 INCOME, EXPENDITURE AND EMPLOYMENT 2.1 INTRODUCTION 12 2.2 INCOME SOURCES 12 2.2.1 Dependency 12 2.2.1.1 Summary 15 2.2.2 Sources of household income 16 2.2.2.1 Occupation 16 2.2.2.1.1 Summary 17 2.2.2.2 Sector of employment 18 2.2.2.2.1 Summary 21 2.2.2.3 Sources of household income 21 2.2.2.3.1 Summary 26 2.3 INCOME LEVELS 27 2.3.1 Summary 34 2.4 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE 35 2.4.1 Summary 38 ISBN: 0 - 7992 - 1547 - 3 i ·2.5 EXTENT OF POVERTY IN THE REGION 38 2.5.1 Summary 40 '.I ) . , 2.6 CONCLUDING SUMMARY 40 3 NON-INCOME INDICATORS OF POVERTY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 42 3.2 MORTALITY RATES 42 3.2.1 General mortality in Durban, Pinetown, Inanda, Ntuzuma and Umlazi 42 3.2.2 Childhood and infant mortality 42 3.2.2.1 Childhood mortality 49 3.2.2.2 Infant mortality rates 50 3.2.2.2.1 National trends 50 3.2.2.2.2 Regional trends 51 3.2.2.2.3 Magisterial trends 52 3.2.3 Summary 57 3.3 MORBIDITY 58 3.3.1 Measles 58 3.3.2 Meningococcal Meningitis 60 3.3.3 Typhoid 62 3.3.4 Viral Hepatitis A 64 3.3.5 . Pulmonary Tuberculosis 65 3.3.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 69 3.3.6.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 69 3.3.7 Summary 70 3.4 NUTRITION STATUS 71 3.4.1 ' Introduction 71 3.4.2 National trends in nutrition status 72 3.4.3 The nutrition status of children outside the DMR 73 3.4.3.1 The Inanda Nutrition survey 73 3.4.3.2 The NatallKwaZulu Nutrition survey 74 3.4.3.3 The Besters Camp Nutrition survey 76 3.4.3.4 The Valley Trust Nutrition survey 77 3.4.3.5 Summary 78 3.4.4 The nutrition status of children within the DMR 79 3.4.4.1 . Summary 82 3.4.5 General summary 82 • ii 3.5 IMMUNISATIONS 83 3.5.1 Immunisations within the DMR 83 -" 3.5.2 Summary 84 3.6· LITERACY AND SKILLS 85 4 AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL GOODS AND SERVICES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 89 4.2 HOUSING 89 4.3 ESSENTIAL SERVICES: ELECTRICITY, WATER AND SANITATION 94 4.3.1. Electricity 94 4.3.2 Water and sanitation 95 4.4 TRANSPORT 98 4.4.1 Taxi transport 101 ,. 4.4.2- Bus transport 102 4.4.3 Rail transport 107 4.5 EDUCATION 107 4.6 ACCESS TO HEALTH FACILITIES IN NATAL AND KWAZULU 112 4.6.1 Health care for Blacks in Natal and KwaZulu 112 4.6.2 Hospitals and clinics available 113 4.6.3 Person:bed ratios 113 4.6.4 Person:clinic ratios 115 4.6.5 .Spacial accessibility of health facilities in Natal 116 4.6.6 Conclusion 116 • 5 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES 5.1 INTRODUCTION 118 5.2 FEEDING SCHEMES WITHIN THE DURBAN REGION 118 5.2.1 Operation Hunger 118 '. iii 5.2.2 The Feed the Babies Fund 119 5.2.3 The Argus Milk Fund 119 5.2.4 The Durban City Health Department Feeding Sdietnes '<I 120 5.3 PUBLIC WORK SCHEMES 120 5.4 PENSIONS 121 5.5 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES WITHIN THE DURBAN REGION 121 5.5.1 The RSA/KwaZulu Development Project 121 5.5.2 Operation Jumpstart 121 5.5.3 The DFR Metropolitan Development Forum 122 5.5.4 The Joint Executive Authority's DFR Framework 122 Plan 5.5.5 Important local non-government organisations 123 5.5.5.1 The Built Environment Support Group 123 5.5.5.2 The Centre for Community and Labour Studies 123 5.5.5.3 Community, Organisation, Research and Development 123 5.5.5.4 Urban Foundation Informal Settlements Division 123 5.6 CONCLUSION 124 5.6.1 Feeding schemes within the Durban region 124 5.6.2 Public work schemes 124 5.6.3 Pensions 124 5.6.4 Long-term development initiatives within the Durban region 124 iv 6 CONCLUSIONS ... 6.1 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 125 6.1.1 Income sources 125 6.1.2 . Expenditure 126 6.1.3 Poverty datum line 126 6.2 NON-INCOME INDICATORS OF POVERTY 127 6.2.1 Mortality 127 6.2.2 Morbidity 127 6.2.3 Nutrition status 127 6.2.4 Immunisations 128 6.2.6 Literacy and skill levels 128 6.3 ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL GOODS AND SERVICES 128 6.3.1 Housing 128 6.3.2 Essential services: electricity, water and sanitation 129 6.3.3 Transport 129 6.3.4 Access to health facilities 129 6.3.5 Credit 129 "' 6.4 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES 130 6.4.1 Feeding schemes within the Durban region 130 6.4.2 Public work schemes 130 6.4.3 Pensions 130 6.4.4 Development initiatives within the Durban region 130 BIBLIOGRAPHY v LIST OF TABLES TABLE No. PAGE No. 1."1 Land size, population and land density, by magisterial district, for the DFR, region E4, Natal and KwaZulu, 1990 3 1.2 Age distribution for Africans, ASians, Coloureds and Whites in the Durban region, 1991 (%) 6 1.3 Nominal GGP, GGP as % of Durban region, GGP as % of Region E (1990) 7 1.4 Nominal GGP per capita and GGP per magisterial district, Region E and South Africa (1990) 7 1.5 Sectoral breakdown of GGP (at constant 1985 prices) in region E and sectoral contribution of the Durban region (1990) 8 1.6 Sectoral breakdown of GGP by magisterial district and for the region as a whole, 1990 (%) 9 1.7 Sectoral breakdown of GGP for region E4, 1970, 1980 and 1990 (%) 10 1.8 Sectoral breakdown of GGP for Durban region -, and South Africa as a whole, 1989 and 1990 (%) 11 2.1 Dependency ratios (DBSA definition) 13 2.2 Dependency ratios (DBSA definition) 14 2.3 Alternative dependency ratios, 1992 15 2.4 Occupational category by race (% of Economica"y Active population) 15 2.5 Sectoral distribution of the economically active population according to rural and urban areas, 1991 (%) 19 2.6 Sectoral distribution of the economically active population by race, 1991 (%) 20 2.7 Sectoral distribution of economically active population according to gender, 1991 (%) 21 2.8 Sectoral distribution of economically active population according to magisterial district, 1991 (%) 22 2.9 Sectoral distribution of economically active population according to magisterial district, 1980 (%) 23 2.10 Household monthly income in Rand, 1991 24 2.11 Sources of total monthly household income, 1992 (%) 25 2.12 Sources of business income, 1992 (%) 28 2.13 Household monthly income, 1992 (%) 29 vi 2.14 Distribution of monthly African household incomes in informal settlements (%) 30 2.15 Distribution of annual individual income, 1991 (%) 30 .. 2.16 Mean monthly household incomes, 1990 (Rands) 31 2.17 Personal monthly income distribution, 1990 (%) 31 2.18 Household monthly income Distribution (DFR) U.F.Model, 1992 32 2.19 Income distribution in the DFR by gender, 1991 33 2.20 Monthly individual income distribution in the DFR by gender, and in terms of rural and urban areas,' 1991 34 2.21 Annual household expenditure, 1990 36 2.22 Household expenditure (Africans), 1992 (%) 37 2.23 Household Monthly Income (1992) 39 3.1 Mortality rates by race and magisterial district in 1990 43 3.2 Mortality rates by race and magisterial district in 1988 44 ·3.3 Total deaths, overall mortality rate by race and urban/non-urban breakdown (Africans only) for 1990 46 3.4 Total deaths, overall mortality rate by race and urban/non-urban breakdown (Africans only) for 1988 46 " 3.5 Mortality rate by race within the DMR in 1991 46 3.6 Mortality rate by race within the DMR in 1988 47 3.7 Mortality rate by race within the DMR in 1985 48 3.8 Mortality rate by race within the DMR in 1980 48 3.9 National trends in childhood mortality: 1-4 years .