OSTEOMETRY of MAKAH and COAST SALISH DOGS Susan J. Crockford Osteometry of Makah and Coast Salish Dogs by Susan J. Crockford with a contribution by Nobuo Shigehara, Satoru Onodera, and Moriharu Eto Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University c. Archaeology Press 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed and bound in Canada ISBN 0-86491-165-3 Publication No. 22 Archaeology Press Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 (604) 291-3135 Fax: (604) 291-5666 CONTENTS Page Preface ..........................................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1. In tro d u c tio n .........................................................................................................................l Ethnogragphic and historic evidence of dogs.............................................................2 Research methods....................................................................................................... 3 Prehistoric skeletal evidence....................................................................................... 3 Previous studies........................................................................................................... 4 2. T he Skeletal S a m p le .........................................................................................................6 Sampling strategy........................................................................................................ 6 Data set description................................................................................................... 6 Archaeological context and dating.............................................................................7 Problems presented by the data set.............................................................................. 8 Sex determination....................................................................................................... 8 Measurement definitions............................................................................................9 Taxonomic status........................................................................................................9 3. S tatistical P ro c e d u re s .................................................................................................... 13 Evaluating of sample variation........................................... 13 Interpreting sample variation.....................................................................................16 Multivariate analysis.................................................................................................. 18 4. C r a n ia ...................................................................................................................................22 Osteological descriptions ...................................... 22 Sex determination and sex ratios..............................................................................25 Type classification.................................................................................................... 26 Discriminant function analysis.................................................................................. 27 Previously reported NWC materiaktype classification.............................................27 Comparison to other data sets...................................................................................27 Intact puppy crania .................................................................................................. 29 Measurement definitions and data tables..................................................................37 5. M a n d ib le s ........................................................................................................................... 38 Osteological description............................................................................................38 Sex determination and sex ratios............................................................................... 38 Type classifications................................................................................................... 40 Discriminant function analysis................................................................................. 40 Previously reported NWC materiaktype classification............................................40 Measurement definitions and data tables...................................................................41 C O N T E N T S (con't) CHAPTER Page 6. F orelim b E le m e n ts...........................................................................................................46 Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and metacarpals: Osteological description, type classification, discriminant function analysis........................................................46 Previously reported material: type classification............................................................47 Measurement definitions and data tables....................................................................... 47 7. H indlim b E le m e n ts..........................................................................................................58 Innominate, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals: Osteological description type classification, discriminant function analysis............................................... 58 Previously reported material: type classification........................................................... 59 Measurement definitions and data tables........................................................................59 8. V e rte b ra e ............................................................................................................................ 70 Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrum: Osteological description, type classification, discriminant function analysis........................................................70 Definition of vertebral measurement codes....................................................................71 9. Characterization of Dog Types .................................................................................. 87 Variation of type classifications within individuals......................................................87 Live shoulder height estimates.......................................................................................88 Body proportion estimates............................................................................................. 89 Osteological and morphological characteristics of dog types........................................90 Comparison to other prehistoric dogs............................................................................90 10. D istribution an d C hronology of Dog T ypes ........................................................99 11. S um m ary an d D iscussion............................................................................................103 Recommended analysis methods for future studies..................................................... 104 References .................................................................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX A - N. Shigehara, S. Onodera and M. Eto Sex determination by discriminant analysis and evaluation of non-metrical traits in the dog skeleton............................................................................................... 113 APPENDIX B Catalogue of Archaeological Specimens used in this Study............................................ 127 LIST OF FIGURES (abbreviated titles) FIGURE Page 2-1 Map of the south central coast of North America with site locations................................................. 11 2- 2 Prehistoric wolf vs. dog mandibles.................................................................................................... 12 3- 1 Distribution graphs of mandible, ulna, metatarsalII and cervical vertebra #2 samples....................20 4- 1 Type 1 female cranium (0801)...........................................................................................................30 4-2 Type 1 female cranium (0805)........................................................................................................... 30 4-3 Type 1 male cranium (0803).............................................................................................................. 31 4-4 Type 1 male cranium (2400).............................................................................................................. 31 4-5 Type 1 male cranium (3001).............................................................................................................. 32 4-6 Type 2 male cranium (0925)............................................................................................................... 32 4-7 Type 2 male cranium (0109)............................................................................................................... 33 4-8 Type 2 male vs. type 1 male crania (0109;2400)................................................................................33 4-9 Type 1 male vs. type 1 female crania (2400;0801).............................................................................33 4-10 Graph: cranial measurement # 2 vs # 23 ...................................................................................