The African liberation reader, Vol. 2: the national liberation movements http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20040 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The African liberation reader, Vol. 2: the national liberation movements Author/Creator de Bragança, Aquino (editor); Wallerstein, Immanuel (editor) Publisher Zed Press (London) Date 1982 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Southern Africa (region), Portugal, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Angola, Namibia Coverage (temporal) 1950 - 1974 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 320.9603 A2585, V. 2 Rights By kind permission of Sylvia Braganca, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Zed Books. Description VOLUME 2: THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS includes: 1. Historic Roots. 2. The Road to Armed Struggle. 3. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory. 4. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Practice. 5. Racism and Anti-Racism. 6. African Churches and the Movements. Format extent 224 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20040 http://www.aluka.org Africana Africana 320. 9603 A2585 v. 2 714 if. -,"r...... Am VOLUME24 THE NAINLLBRTO OEET Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 AL1LL The African Liberation Reader Edited by Aquino de Braganpa and Immanuel Wallerstein The Guerillas For the Fighting Men in Southern Africa 1 ... and I lie with my body curved to the light clay and it lies along the length of my hip and thigh like the yielding firmness of your warm flesh and my body melts with a tenderness along my frame while brittle thorn-twigs pierce the clear sky while far-off sounds - harsh birds - blunderings crackle like snapped twigs... and ants scurry on the smooth curve of the clay. 2 .. the birds wheel in their great circles in the mind heat beats at the eyes through a curtain of sweat the salt-tasting mouth is papered by thirst and other things In time, heat and fatigue will beat the stiff, anxious, aching neck down. 3 ... a sense of lost opportunity like a squall of rain marching away leaving an aching hollowness while the big arits crawl over the torn flesh and the black streaks of crusted blood. Who will break through the barriers of indifferent bone and stubborn flesh and the grey waves of newsprint gruel? O my friends where are the voices to plead your cause to roar your challenge to trumpet your heroism? to speak the words of brave resolve that you live and die? 4 There is such a pleasure at last in handling a cool efficient weapon most modem, highly automatic and moving off at the ready wishing they could see at home - the friends, and especially the children, and imaging the deeds of flame and terror - terror from this weapon, terrible and cold. 5 Chiefly~it is a job to be done, with drills to be followed and observed, the enemy an analysable factor or a brute so deadly that he must die first: but sometimes there comes the thought of home the angry longing of the exile and a fierce will to smash an evil cruel thing. Dennis Brutus The African Liberation Reader Volume 2 The National Liberation Movements Edited by Aquino de Braganoa and Immanuel Wallerstein Zed Press, 57 Caledonian Road, London N 1 9DN A4rec&v~& 320,o 3 V. 2 The African Liberation Reader was originally published in Portuguese; first published in English by Zed Press Ltd., 57 Caledonian Road, London NI 9DN in 1982. Copyright © Aquino de Braganca and Immanuel Wallerstein Copyedited by Beverley Brown Proofread by Stephen Gourlay, Rosamund Howe , Liz Hasthorpe and Anne Gourlay Typeset by Lyn Caldwell Cover design Jacque Solomons Cover photo courtesy of MAGIC Printed by Krips Repro, Meppel, Holland All rights reserved U.S. Distributor Lawrence Hill and Co., 520 Riverside Avenue, Westport, Conn. 06880, USA British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The African liberation reader. Vol.2: The national liberation movements 1. Africa, Sub-Saharan - Politics and government - Addresses, essays, lectures I. Braganca, Aquino de II.Wallerstein, Immanuel 320.9'67 JQ1872 ISBN 0-86232-068-2 The African Liberation Reader VOLUME I: THE ANATOMY OF COLONIALISM 1. The Anatomy of Colonialism 2. The Portuguese Empire 3. The Rule of White Settlers 4. Roles of Various Classes and Groups in Colonial Society 5. The Bourgeoisie 6. Workers and Peasants 7. Students 8. Women 9. The Modes of Cultural Oppression 10. The Christian Churches 11. Economic Inter-Relations of Southern Africa VOLUME 2: THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS 1. Historic Roots 2. The Road to Armed Struggle 3. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory 4. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Practice 5. Racism and Anti-Racism 6. African Churches and the Movements VOLUME 3: THE STRATEGY OF LIBERATION 1. The Enemy's Plans 2. The Enemy's Contradictions 3. Responses to Reformism 4. What to Do About Bantustans 5. How to Collaborate with Other National Movements 6. How to Wage Warfare 7. The Party and the Army 8. The Struggle for Cultural Liberation 9. Conclusion 3 6 38 67 71 83 102 124 138 167 187 1 33 79 114 136 180 1 47 72 95 115 133 162 176 204 Publisher's Note Zed Press gratefully acknowledge a grant from the WCC Programme to Combat Racism towards the cost of typesetting this project. Zed Press also wishes to thank the Swedish International Development Authority for making possible the gift of copies of each of these 3 volumes to the liberation movements of Southern Africa. Contents Preface i Introduction iii 1. Historic Roots Editors' Introduction 1 Our Anti-Imperialist Commitment - Alfred Nzo 2 Day of Commemoration - SWAPO 5 From Fraudulent Concession to Federation - Joshua Nkomo 6 Appeal for Unity - FRAIN 8 Our Heritage: Portrait of a Great Angolan Queen - MPLA 9 The Origins of the Angolan Insurrection - Mario de Andrade 10 Prelude to the Revolution - FNLA 14 The Peasantry of the South - A. Vakulukuta 15 Development of Nationalism in Mozambique - Eduardo Mondlane 15 Mondlane: Early Days in South Africa - 'Spartacus' 20 Guinea: Phases of Portuguese Activity - Amilcar Cabral 23 Cape Verde : Slaves, Poverty and Aridity - Maria Dulce Almada 25 Sao Tome: Product of Cross-Breeding - CONCP 30 2. The Road to Armed Struggle Editors' Introduction 33 The Road to Freedom is Via the Cross - Albert Lutuli 34 Why We Had to Act - Nelson Mandela 37 On the Rivonia Trial - Albert Lutuli 40 Call to Revolution - Oliver Tambo 42 From Gandhi to Mandela - ANC 43 The State of the Nation - Mangaliso Sobukwe 47 South Africa, Intruder in Our Country - Toivo Hermann Ja Toivo 53 The Algerian Example - ZAPU 58 By What Methods? - ZANU 59 An Historic Lesson: Pijiguiti - Amilcar Cabral 62 A Situation of Permanent Violence - Amilcar Cabral 63 Message to the Portuguese People - MPLA 65 Letters to the Minister - Agostinho Neto 66 Return to Angola - Agostinho Neto 71 Guerrilla Warfare: Only Valid Form of Struggle - MPLA 73 Colonization and Africa - UPA 75 To the Portuguese People - FRELIMO 76 To the Mozambican People - FRELIMO 77 3. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Theory Editors' Introduction 79 The Freedom Charter - Congress of the People 81 Who Are the Liberation Forces? - ANC 84 Arusha, Africa and Socialism - ANC 87 I Am Not a Communist - Nelson Mandela 91 The ANC and CPSA - Moses Kotane 95 Pet Ideas of Oppressors - ZAPU 96 The Complex Enemy - ZAPU 97 ZAPU's Ideological Position - George Silundika 99 MPLA's Ideology - Agostinho Neto 100 On Communism and Africa - Holden Roberto 101 African Marxists - Jonas Savimbi 102 FRELIMO's Ideology - Joaquim Chissano 103 Sharpening of the Class Conflict - Samora Machel 104 No Communist Influence - Artur Vilankulu 105 The Relevance of Marxism-Leninism - Amilcar Cabral 107 Homage to Nkrumah - Amilcar Cabral 109 Our Solidarities - Amilcar Cabral 110 Not Our Quarrel - Permanent Commission of Writers &Artists of Guine & Cape Verde 112 4. National Movements and the Class Struggle: Practice Editors' Introduction 114 To the Nationalists of Mozambiue - CONCP 116 The Tribal Question in the Advanced Stage of the Struggle - Eduardo Mondlane 119 The Evolution of FRELIMO - Eduardo Mondlane 121 Self-Criticism - FRELIMO 122 Gloomy Situation in FRELIMO - Uria T. Simango 125 On Uria T. Simango - FRELIMO 127 Internal Corruption - Samora Machel 128 What Price Unity? - SWAPO 131 Open Letter to the ISC - Emil Appolus 132 Has SWANU Failed.? - Festus U. Muundjua 133 5. Racism and Anti-Racism Editors' Introduction 136 The Luthulian Approach - PAC 138 The White 'Left' at Work -PAC 140 The White Group in the South African Struggle for Liberation - ANC 142 Black Awareness - ANC 145 Against Sectionalism - Cardiff Mamey 147 The Role of the Indian People in the South African Revolution - Y.M.