Investigation of the Effects of Nazca-South America Plate Collision along the Peruvian-Chilean Active Continental Margin through Teleseismic Receiver Function Analysis Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Bishop, Brandon Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 22:07:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/627698 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF NAZCA-SOUTH AMERICA PLATE COLLISION ALONG THE PERUVIAN-CHILEAN ACTIVE CONTINENTAL MARGIN THROUGH TELESEISMIC RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS by Brandon T. Bishop __________________________ Copyright © Brandon T. Bishop 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Brandon T. Bishop 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisors, George Zandt and Susan Beck, for supporting me and providing a sounding board for my ideas during my time here and tolerating my long and somewhat winding path to finishing. I further thank the other members of my committee, Randy Richardson, Paul Kapp, and Rick Bennett for their help and insights. I also thank my co-authors and co-workers in the U.S., Peru, and Bolivia who have helped both in the deployment of seismometers and collection of seismic data from the Central Andean Uplift and the Geodynamics of High Topography Experiment and the Peru Lithosphere and Slab Experiment as well as in subsequent discussions of results. Estella Minaya, Gonzalo Antonio Fernández Marañon and the other members of the Observatorio San Calixto and Jamie Tito in Bolivia; Hernando Tavera, Cristóbal Condori and the other members of the Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Maureen Long, Lara Wagner, Caroline Eakin, Abhash Kumar, Sanja Knezevic Antonijevic, Oak Rankin, Ryan Porter, Mallory Morell and a number of undergraduate research assistants from the University of Arizona, the University of North Carolina, and Yale University in Peru; and the various families, schools & hospital staffs, and at least one police department, who helped to watch over seismometers in both Bolivia and Peru. For a range of practical and intellectual reasons, none of this work would have been possible without all of their help. I also thank Carol Schwalbe, Vance T. Holliday, Charlotte Pearson, and Pamela Pelletier for the very different perspectives on science which have shaped my own. I further thank by friends and fellow grad students in Tucson especially Jamie and Stephanie Ryan, Alissa Scire, Daniel Portner and the rest of the Global Seismology and Tectonics research group. I thank Mark and Nadine Bishop, Li Guojie, and Zhang Shufen, my parents of one form or another who have all contributed their support and assistance during my time in grad school. And finally, I thank Li Jianmei, who’s help, patience, love, and support has made this possible. “Queda, naturalmente, el problema de la materia de algunos objetos.” --Jorge Luis Borge, “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” “Tout est pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possibles.” --François-Marie Arouet, Candide, ou l’Optimisme 4 TABLES OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................................................8 ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................11 SUMMARY OF WORK....................................................................................................23 FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................28 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................35 APPENDIX A: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF FLAT-SLAB SUBDUCTION IN SOUTHERN PERU ............................................................................48 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................49 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................50 SOUTHERN PERUVIAN FLAT SLAB .................................................52 DATA AND METHODS .........................................................................54 INTERPRETATIONS OF CROSS SECTIONS ......................................56 SUMMARY MOHO MAPS ....................................................................63 DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................67 Causes of Flat-Slab Subduction in Southern Peru ...................68 Coupling of the Nazca and South American Plates .................73 Effects of Flat-Slab Subduction on the Upper Plate ................74 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................78 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................80 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................81 FIGURES .................................................................................................97 SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ...........................................................107 RECEIVER FUNCTION METHOD DETAILS ...................107 5 DISTINGUISHING PRIMARY (Ps) RF ARRIVALS OF DEEP (50-100KM) STRUCTURE FROM CRUSTAL MULTIPLE (PpPs) ARRIVALS ...........................................108 DISTINGUISHING SUBDUCTED OCEANIC MOHO AND CONTINENTAL MOHO OF THE OVERRIDING PLATE ................................................................................................113 EFFECTS OF BIN SHARING AND STATION COVERAGE ................................................................................................114 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CONTINENTAL MOHO AND SUBDUCTED OCEANIC MOHO CONSTRAINTS ....................................................................115 FIGURES ...............................................................................117 REFERENCES ......................................................................126 SUPPLEMENTAL TABLES ................................................130 APPENDIX B: FORELAND UPLIFT DURING FLAT SUBDUCTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE PERUVIAN ANDES AND FITZCARRALD ARCH ......178 ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................179 1 Introduction .........................................................................................179 1.1 Geologic background .......................................................182 2 Proposed mechanisms for the formation of the Fitzcarrald Arch .......184 3 Methods for quantifying arch uplift ....................................................189 3.1 Gaussian approximation of rock uplift ............................189 3.2 Quantitative models of arch uplift ...................................193 4 Results .................................................................................................195 4.1 Mantle serpentinization models .......................................195 4.2 Crustal thickening models................................................197 5 Discussion ...........................................................................................199 5.1 Thickening foreland lower crust with minimal upper crustal faulting ...................................................................................199 5.2 Broader implications ........................................................202 6 Conclusions .........................................................................................207 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................208 REFERENCES CITED ..........................................................................208 TABLES .................................................................................................221 6 FIGURES ...............................................................................................222 APPENDIX C: SEGMENTATION IN CONTINENTAL FOREARCS: LINKS BETWEEN LARGE SCALE OVERRIDING PLATE STRUCTURE AND SEISMOGENIC BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2010 MW 8.8 MAULE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE ...........................................232 ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................233