ESSP II Working Paper 41 Urban Wage Behavior and Food Price Inflation: The Case of Ethiopia Derek Headey, Fantu Bachewe Nisrane, Ibrahim Worku, Mekdim Dereje, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse Development Strategy and Governance Division, International Food Policy Research Institute – Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II (ESSP II) ESSP II Working Paper 41 June 2012 IFPRI-ADDIS ABABA IFPRI HEADQUARTERS P.O. Box 5689 International Food Policy Research Institute Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 Tel: +251-11-646-2921 USA Fax: +251-11-646-2318 Tel: +1-202-862-5600 E-mail: [email protected] Skype: IFPRIhomeoffice http://essp.ifpri.info/ Fax: +1-202-467-4439 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ifpri.org THE ETHIOPIA STRATEGY SUPPORT PROGRAM II (ESSP II) WORKING PAPERS ABOUT ESSP II The Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II is an initiative to strengthen evidence-based policymaking in Ethiopia in the areas of rural and agricultural development. Facilitated by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), ESSP II works closely with the government of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), and other development partners to provide information relevant for the design and implementation of Ethiopia’s agricultural and rural development strategies. For more information, see http://www.ifpri.org/book- 757/ourwork/program/ethiopia-strategy-support-program or http://essp.ifpri.info/ or http://www.edri.org.et/. ABOUT THESE WORKING PAPERS The Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II (ESSP II) Working Papers contain preliminary material and research results from IFPRI and/or its partners in Ethiopia. The papers are not subject to a formal peer review. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The opinions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their home institutions or supporting organizations. About the Author(s) Derek Headey: Research Fellow, Development Strategy and Governance Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Fantu Bachewe Nisrane: Collaborator, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Ibrahim Worku: Research Officer, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Mekdim Dereje: Research Officer, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse: Senior Research Fellow, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). ii Urban Wage Behavior and Food Price Inflation: The Case of Ethiopia Derek Headey, Fantu Bachewe Nisrane, Ibrahim Worku, Mekdim Dereje, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse Development Strategy and Governance Division, International Food Policy Research Institute – Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia Copyright © 2012 International Food Policy Research Institute. All rights reserved. Sections of this material may be reproduced for personal and not-for-profit use without the express written permission of but with acknowledgment to IFPRI. To reproduce the material contained herein for profit or commercial use requires express written permission. To obtain permission, contact the Communications Division at [email protected]. iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. vi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Data and methods ........................................................................................................... 4 2.1. CSA price and wage data .......................................................................................... 4 2.2. Construction of pro-poor price indices ........................................................................ 5 2.3. Hypotheses and econometric tests of the wage–food price relationship ..................... 6 3. Results ............................................................................................................................ 8 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 14 Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 16 References .......................................................................................................................... 24 iv List of Tables Table 3.1—National and regional trends in daily laborers' wage (2006 ETB), deflated by the poor person’s food CPI: 2001–2011 ........................................................... 11 Table 3.2—National and regional trends in daily laborers' wage (2006 ETB), deflated by the poor person’s total CPI: 2001–2011 ............................................................ 11 Table 3.3—Short run adjustment coefficients of panel vector error correction (PVEC), July 2001–October 2011 ................................................................................... 13 List of Figures Figure 1.1—Average monthly inflation in Ethiopia and other developing countries: 2004– 2011 ................................................................................................................. 2 Figure 3.1—Trends in food and non-food nominal prices for the urban poor: 2001–2011 ..... 9 Figure 3.2—Trends in real daily laborer wages deflated by CPIs for the urban poor ........... 10 Appendix Appendix A. Additional details of the CSA consumer price survey locations ....................... 16 Table A.1—Selected market places from the 11 regional states ...................................... 16 Appendix B. Econometric issues ........................................................................................ 19 Figure B.1—Trends in average daily wages of laborers, July 2001–October 2011 .......... 19 Table B.1—Summary statistics of panel unit-root (UR) tests ............................................ 20 Table B.2—Results of the Johansen/Fisher panel cointegration tests .............................. 22 Appendix C. Comparisons of poor person’s price indices to aggregate price indices .......... 23 Figure C.1—Comparing food indices ............................................................................... 23 Figure C.2—Comparing non-food indices ........................................................................ 23 Figure C.3—Comparing total price indices ....................................................................... 23 v Abstract On the back of both a global food crisis and various domestic factors, Ethiopia has experienced one of the world’s fastest rates of food inflation in recent years. Yet the lack of high frequency survey data means that very little is known about the welfare impacts of these price changes. This study attempts to fill that knowledge gap using a unique monthly series of casual wages from 119 locations in both Ethiopian cities and rural towns. We use this data for two types of analysis. First, we construct a set of “poor person’s price indices” which we then use to deflate the daily laborer wage series in an effort to gauge the welfare trends among the urban poor. Second, we conduct formal econometric tests of whether changes in nominal wages respond to changes in food and non-food prices. We find alarming results. The disposable income of daily laborer’s declined sharply as food prices soared in 2007–2008, and there is neither descriptive nor econometric evidence that wages substantially adjust to higher food prices, except in the long run. Keywords: poverty, inflation, urban Ethiopia, casual wages Acknowledgements This paper would not have been possible without the data collection efforts of Ethiopia’s Central Statistical Agency (CSA), to whom we are very grateful. We would also like to thank comments from participants at the Oxford University Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) conference in March of 2012, and seminar participants at the Addis Ababa University School of Economics seminar series in April of 2012. Martin Ravallion, John Hoddinott, Bart Minten, and David Stifel also provided very useful comments and ideas. Any errors are our own. vi 1. Introduction In recent years there has been greatly renewed interest in gauging the effect of higher food prices on poverty. The international food price spikes of 2007–2008 and 2010–2011 saw the international prices of some staple foods—such as wheat, maize, and rice—double or even triple in the space of a few months. At the same time several in-depth analyses of food price trends in developing countries have identified huge variation in the extent of the transmission of international prices into domestic markets (Headey and Fan 2010; Minot 2011; Dawe 2008), and in the welfare impacts of higher food prices (Dessus, Herrera, and de Hoyos 2008; Ivanic and Martin 2008; Ivanic, Martin, and Zaman 2011; Headey 2012). In terms of both price transmission and welfare impacts it appears that many African countries were the worst affected by the crisis. In this paper we look at the welfare impacts of rapid food price inflation in the cities and large rural towns of Ethiopia, a