STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 D.S. Arndt, M.O. Baringer and M.R. Johnson, Eds. Associate Eds. L.V. Alexander, H.J. Diamond, R.L. Fogt, J.M. Levy, J. Richter-Menge, P.W. Thorne, L.A. Vincent, A.B. Watkins and K.M. Willett (a) Yearly mean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in 2009 and (b) SSTA differences between 2009 and 2008. Anomalies are defined as departures from the 1971-2000 climatology. Refer to Chapter 3, Figure 3.1 for a more detailed description. Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 91, No. 6, June 2010 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 HOW TO CITE THIS DOCUMENT Citing the complete report: Arndt, D. S., M. O. Baringer, and M. R. Johnson, Eds., 2010: State of the Climate in 2009. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), S1–S224. Citing a chapter (example): Diamond, H. J., Ed., 2010: The tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2009”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), S79–S106. Citing a section (example): Halpert, M., G. D. Bell, and M. L’Heureux, 2010: ENSO and the Tropical Pacific [in “State of the Climate in 2009”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), S79–S82. E DITOR & AUTHOR AffILIATIONS (alphabetical by name) EDITORS Attaher, Samar M., Agricultural Research Center, MALR, Alexander, Lisa V., Climate Change Research Centre, Universi- Cairo, Egypt ty of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Baez, Julian, DMH-DINAC / CTA-UCA, Asunción, Paraguay Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Cen- Banda, Joyce, Zimbabwe Meteorological Service, Zimbabwe ter, Asheville, North Carolina Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Asheville, North Carolina Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Miami, florida Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Miami, florida Center, Silver Spring, Maryland Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Buenos Aires, Argentina Athens, Ohio Barriopedro, David, Centro de Geofísica da Universidade de Johnson, Michael R., NOAA National Marine fisheries Service, Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Gloucester, Massachusetts Beal, Lisa M., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Levy, Joel M., NOAA/OAR Climate Program Office, Silver Science, Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Spring, Maryland Miami, florida Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, US Army Corps of Engineers, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Corvallis, ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Oregon Hanover, New Hampshire Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Prediction Cen- Thorne, Peter W., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, ter, Camp Springs, Maryland United Kingdom Belward, Alan S., Global Environment Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Watkins, Andrew B., National Climate Centre, Australian Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Weather forecasts (ECMWf), Reading, United Kingdom Willett, Katharine M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Beszczynska-Moeller, Agnieszka, Alfred Wegener Institute, Devon, United Kingdom Germany Bhatt, Uma S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska AUTHORS fairbanks, fairbanks, Alaska Aceituno, Patricio, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Bhattacharya, Indrajit, Byrd Polar Research Center and De- Achberger, Christine, Earth Sciences Centre, University of partment of Geography, The Ohio State University, Colum- Gothenburg, Gothernburg, Sweden bus, Ohio Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS University of Wisconsin - Madi- Bidegain, Mario, Universidad de la República, Uruguay son, Madison, Wisconsin Birkett, Charon, ESSIC, University of Maryland, College Park, Aguilar, Enrique, University Rovira I Virgili de Tarragona, Tar- Maryland ragona, Spain Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorologi- Ahmed, Farid H., Météo Nationale Comorienne, Comores cal Service, DWD), WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre on Alexander, Lisa V., Climate Change Research Centre, Universi- Climate Monitoring, Offenbach, Germany ty of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS/NCEP National Hurricane Center, Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Miami, florida Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Blunden, Jessica, STG, Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Allan, Robert J., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, Booneeady, Prithiviraj, Mauritius Meteorological Services, United Kingdom Vacoas, Mauritius Alves, Lincoln, Centro de Ciências do Sistema Terrestre Bowling, Laura C., Department of Agronomy, Purdue Univer- (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São sity, West Lafayette, Indiana Paulo, Brazil Box, Jason E., Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Boyer, Timothy P., NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Cen- Ambenje, Peter, Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, ter, Silver Spring, Maryland Kenya Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio Amelie,Vincent, Seychelles Meteorological Services, Seychelles State University, Columbus, Ohio Antonov, John I., NOAA/NESDIS National Ocean Data Center, Brown, Ross, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Silver Spring, Maryland Montréal, Quebec, Canada Ashik, Igor, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Peters- Bryden, Harry L., Ocean Observing and Climate Research burg, Russia Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Atheru, Zachary, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Kingdom Centre, Nairobi, Kenya STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2009 juNE 2010 | S3 Bulygina, Olga N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydro- Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Cen- meteorological Information – World Data Center, Obninsk, ter, Asheville, North Carolina Russia Fettweis, Xavier, Department of Geography, University of Calderon, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University Liège, Belgium of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, The Athens, Ohio Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York Fonseca-Rivera, Cecilia, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La Cappelen, John, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Habana, Cuba Denmark Foster, Michael J., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin - Madi- Carmack, Eddy, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, Canada son, Madison, Wisconsin Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Free, Melissa, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Maryland Carrión Romero, Ana M., Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Frolov, Ivan, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Peters- La Habana, Cuba burg, Russia Christy, John R., Earth System Science Center, University of Gibney, Ethan J., IMSG Inc., Asheville, North Carolina Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama Gill, Stephen, NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceano- Coelho, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE, Center for Weather fore- graphic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland casts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Gitau, Wilson, Department of Meteorology, University of Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Nairobi, Kenya Kingdom Gleason, Karin L., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Comiso, Josefino C., NASA Goddard Space flight Center, Center, Asheville, North Carolina Greenbelt, Maryland Gobron, Nadine, Global Environment Monitoring Unit, IES, EC Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Asheville, North Carolina Goldammer, Johann G., Global fire Monitoring Centre, Max Cunningham, Stuart A., Ocean Observing and Climate Re- Planck Institute for Chemistry, freiburg University / United search Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, Nations University (UNU), Germany and European Centre United Kingdom for Medium-Range Weather forecasts (ECMWf), Reading, Cutié Cancino, Virgen, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, La United Kingdom Habana, Cuba Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic Davydova-Belitskaya, Valentina, National Meteorological and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, florida Service of Mexico Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Decker, David, Byrd Polar Research Center and Department of Meteorological Laboratory, Physical Oceanography Division, Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Miami, florida Derksen, Chris, Climate Research Division, Environment González García, Idelmis, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada La Habana, Cuba Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Good, Simon A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, Center, Silver Spring, Maryland United Kingdom Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth Gottschalck, Jonathan, NOAA/NWS/NCEP Climate Predic- System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado tion Center, Camp Springs, Maryland Doelling, David R., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Gould, William A., USDA forest Service, International Insti- Virginia tute of Tropical forestry, San Juan, Puerto