The Republic of the Philippines Japan International Cooperation Agency Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) (JICA) Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA) Comprehensive Capacity Development Project for the Bangsamoro Development Plan for the Bangsamoro Final Report Sector Report 3: Environment April 2016 RECS International Inc. Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. EI IC Net Limited JR 16-056 The Republic of the Philippines Japan International Cooperation Agency Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) (JICA) Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA) Comprehensive Capacity Development Project for the Bangsamoro Development Plan for the Bangsamoro Final Report Sector Report 3: Environment Source of GIS map on the cover: JICA Study Team (base map by U.S. National Park Service). April 2016 RECS International Inc. Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. IC Net Limited Currency Equivalents (average Interbank rates for May–July 2015) US$1.00=PHP 45.583 US$1.00=JPY 124.020 PHP 1=JPY 2.710 Source: OANDA.COM, http://www.oanda.com Comprehensive capacity development project for the Bangsamoro Sector Report 3: Environment Table of Contents Chapter 1 Legal and Institutional Framework for Environmental Management ..................................1 1.1 National Context .......................................................................................................................1 1.2 BCT Context .............................................................................................................................6 1.2.1 Outline of related institutions ..............................................................................................6 1.2.2 Activities of DENR-ARMM ................................................................................................7 Chapter 2 Natural Environment.......................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Geography and Geology ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Locations and land area ..................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Land classification and land cover ..................................................................................... 1 1 2.1.3 Soil characteristics ............................................................................................................. 14 2.1.4 Geological deposits ............................................................................................................ 18 2.2 Meteorology ............................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Climate types ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Temperature ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Humidity ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.2.4 Precipitation ....................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.5 Wind direction and speed ................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Topography ............................................................................................................................. 22 2.3.1 Elevations .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Major landforms ................................................................................................................ 31 2.4 Water Quality .......................................................................................................................... 33 2.5 Coastal and Marine Resources ................................................................................................ 34 2.5.1 Coral reefs .......................................................................................................................... 34 2.5.2 Fisheries ............................................................................................................................. 35 2.5.3 Seaweeds ............................................................................................................................ 35 2.6 Inland Water Resources........................................................................................................... 42 2.6.1 Ligawasan Marsh ............................................................................................................... 42 2.6.2 Lake Lanao ........................................................................................................................ 43 2.7 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and Trigger Species ............................................................. 45 2.8 KBAs and Protected Areas (PAs) ............................................................................................ 47 Chapter 3 Social Environment............................................................................................................ 63 3.1 Demographic Characteristics .................................................................................................. 63 3.1.1 Present population and population density ........................................................................ 63 3.1.2 Population growth (male/female and urban/rural) ............................................................. 65 3.1.3 Population by age group (male/female and urban/rural) ................................................... 65 3.1.4 Household size ................................................................................................................... 68 3.1.5 Ethnic composition ............................................................................................................ 69 3.1.6 Migration patterns/trends ................................................................................................... 70 3.2 Income and Employment ........................................................................................................ 70 3.2.1 Employment by major industry group ............................................................................... 70 3.2.2 Income levels ..................................................................................................................... 72 3.2.3 Labor force by age structure .............................................................................................. 73 3.3 Poverty Situation ..................................................................................................................... 74 3.3.1 General condition and nature of poverty ........................................................................... 74 3.3.2 Population and geographical distribution of people under poverty line ............................ 75 3.3.3 Gini coefficient .................................................................................................................. 77 3.3.4 Government policy or remedial measures for poverty reduction ...................................... 77 3.4 Education ................................................................................................................................ 79 3.4.1 Literacy rate ....................................................................................................................... 79 3.4.2 Enrollment rates at primary and secondary schools .......................................................... 79 3.5 Social Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 81 3.5.1 Hospitals and clinics .......................................................................................................... 81 i Comprehensive capacity development project for the Bangsamoro Sector Report 3: Environment 3.5.2 Schools ............................................................................................................................... 82 3.6 Land Use and Ownership Situation ........................................................................................ 82 3.6.1 Land area by land use ........................................................................................................ 82 3.6.2 Land area by land ownership ............................................................................................. 83 3.7 Water Rights Situation ............................................................................................................ 84 3.7.1 Water rights for drinking water .......................................................................................... 84 3.7.2 Water rights for irrigation water ........................................................................................ 85 3.8 Heritage Sites and Tourism ..................................................................................................... 86 3.8.1 Types, locations, and characteristics of heritage sites ........................................................ 86 3.8.2 Tourism/ecotourism 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