Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 Photocatalytic degradation of NOx by concrete pavement containing TiO2 Joel K. Sikkema Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Sikkema, Joel K., "Photocatalytic degradation of NOx by concrete pavement containing TiO2" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13486. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13486 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Photocatalytic degradation of NOX by concrete pavement containing TiO2 by Joel Kenyon Sikkema A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Civil Engineering (Environmental Engineering) Program of Study Committee: James E. Alleman, Co-major Professor Say Kee Ong, Co-major Professor Jacek A. Koziel Peter C. Taylor Michael L. Thompson Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © Joel Kenyon Sikkema, 2013. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Dissertation Organization ..................................................................................................................... 5 3. References ............................................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF NOX BY PAVEMENT CONTAINING TiO2: REVIEW ................ 8 1. Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 8 2. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 8 3. Regulatory Drivers and Conventional Mitigation Strategies............................................................... 10 3.1. Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards ............................................................................................ 12 4. Principles of NOX Oxidation by Photocatalytic Pavement ................................................................... 12 5. Overview of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis ....................................................................................... 15 6. Commercial Development and Patents .............................................................................................. 17 7. Laboratory Evaluation of Photocatalytic Pavements .......................................................................... 19 7.1. Experimental Apparatus and Testing Approach .......................................................................... 19 7.2. Photoreactor Studies ................................................................................................................... 20 8. Field Evaluation of Photocatalytic Pavements .................................................................................... 30 8.1. Field Comparison of Photocatalytic and Control Pavement Sections ......................................... 31 - 8.2. Field Measurement of NO3 Deposition ....................................................................................... 33 8.3. Modeling Efforts to Predict Field Observations ........................................................................... 33 9. Summary and Research Gaps.............................................................................................................. 35 10. Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 35 11. References......................................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3. MASS TRANSFER AND KINETICS OF NO MITIGATION BY PHOTOCATALYTIC PAVEMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 45 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 45 2. Notation List ........................................................................................................................................ 46 3. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 46 4. Kinetic Model for NO Adsorption and Oxidation ................................................................................ 48 5. Mass Transfer of NO ........................................................................................................................... 50 5.1. Mass Transfer Background .......................................................................................................... 50 5.2. NO Mass Transfer in Photoreactor .............................................................................................. 51 5.3. Field Scale NO Mass Transfer ....................................................................................................... 53 6. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 55 7. References ........................................................................................................................................... 55 iii CHAPTER 4. PHOTOCATALYTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF NO OXIDATION RATE UNDER VARIED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ........................................................... 58 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 58 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 59 3. Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................................... 61 3.1. Photocatalytic Mortar Slab Preparation and Cleaning ................................................................ 61 3.2. Experimental Apparatus .............................................................................................................. 62 3.3. Operational Procedure ................................................................................................................ 63 3.4. Variable Control and Measurement for Completed Tests ........................................................... 65 3.5. Presentation of Results ................................................................................................................ 68 4. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 68 4.1. NO Oxidation Rate for Tests Completed ...................................................................................... 68 5. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 77 6. Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................... 79 7. References ........................................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 5. PERVIOUS PHOTOCATALYTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PHOTOCATALYTIC LAYER DEPTH ON NO OXIDATION RATE AND COMPARISON WITH PHOTOCATALYTIC MORTARS ............................................................................................................ 83 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 83 2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 83 3. Materials and methods ......................................................................................................................