Gardner-Webb University Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University A Photographic Guide to the Gelasian (Early Pleistocene) Mollusca of Southeastern North Carolina 2021 Waccamaw Mollusca Review Copy Pt. 8: Galeommatoidea, Cardidae, & Tellinoidea Timothy Campbell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/early-pleistocene- mollusca-photographic-guide Part of the Marine Biology Commons i Introduction Location The Lower Waccamaw Formation contains a rich basal Pleistocene (early Gelasian, 2.4-2.0 million years old) fauna with an extreme abundance and diversity of mollusks (>90% of the fossils and 900+ species) in addition to various echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, corals, bryozoans, and vertebrates. Based upon the ranges of the extant species, the climate seems to have been warmer than today. This diverse subtropical fauna can be found in patches in southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina. It is roughly equivalent to the modern fauna of central South Carolina to North Florida, however, there was dramatic faunal turnover about 1.7 MYA and the modern Carolinian fauna is much more similar to the modern Caribbean fauna than the Waccamaw Formation fossils are to equivalent age Caribbean faunas. Fossils have been known from the Lower Waccamaw Formation since prehistory. Although the first scientific study was Tuomey and Holmes, 1856, no single monograph exists. Roughly 40% of the species are extant. The species derive from multiple habitats, including 30-50 m sandy-bottom shelf, cementing bivalve reef, 10-20 m sandy- bottom shelf, surf to subtidal, saltmarsh, muddy-bottom sound, and freshwater to brackish. Potential Waccamaw Formation Areas Background map from Google Maps 150 Galeommatidae I Galeommatidae incertae sedis 2 Galeommatidae incertae sedis 1 More rounded; More Elliptical “Bornia” sp. 5 x 3.5 mm 5.2 x 5.3 mm; 7.5 x 5.5 mm 5 x 5 mm Very trigonal More trigonal; Very small hinge teeth Very circular Galeommatidae incertae sedis 3 “Bornia” triangula 4.5 x 4 mm; 6.5 x 5.5 mm Dall, 1900 Assymetrical Broken; Adult 3.4 x 2.7 mm; 6 x 4.5 mm; max 8 x 6 mm Very small hinge teeth 151 cf. Pseudopythinia cf. Pseudopythina sp. 4 cf. Pseudopythina sp. 1 4 x 3.2 mm Juvenile ? Assymetrical 2.5 x 2 mm Faint commarginal sculpture cf. Pseudopythina sp. 2 cf. Pseudopythina sp. 3 Juvenile; Adult? 6 x 4 mm 2.5 x 2 mm; 5 x 3 mm Smooth; Assymetrical Smooth 152 Aligena Aligena sp. 1 Aligena stiata var. 1; var. 2 Subadult; Adult H. C. Lea, 1843 6.5 x 5 mm; 10 x 8 mm Subadult; Broken One hinge tooth; 4.3 x 3.9 mm; 11 x 11 mm Fainter commarginal sculpture One hinge tooth Aligena sp. 2 Aligena minor 4.5 x 4.2 mm Dall, 1900 One hinge tooth; 2.6 x 2.2 mm Assymetrical Assymetrical 153 Amerycina I Amerycina sp. 1 Amerycina sp. 3 5 x 3.5 mm 6 x 4.1 mm; 7.5 x 4.8 mm; max ~10 x 6.4 More rounded Blunter Amerycina sp. 2 Amerycina cf. kurtzii 7 x 4 mm (Dall, 1898) More elongate Pair 6.3 x 4.4 mm Centered beak 154 Lasaeidae II Amerycina carolinensis Lasaeidae incertae sedis (Dall, 1900) Juvenile 10.8 x 5 mm; max ~15 x 6.7 0.68 x 0.55 mm Off-center beak More elongate; Fine commarginal lines Lasaeidae incertae sedis 1 Lasaeidae incertae sedis 2 2.6 x 2 mm Broken; Broken Highly distinctive shape 3.6 x 3 mm; 4.5 x 4 mm More trigonal 155 Mysella & Kellia Mysella sp. Mysella planulata 6.8 x 4.7 mm (Stimpson, 1857) Highly distinctive shape 3.3 x 2.7 mm Highly distinctive shape Kellia sp. Kellia cf. “suborbicularis” 3.8 x 3.3 mm (Montagu, 1803) Less rounded 2 x 1.8 mm More rounded 156 Basterotiidae Basterotiidae incertae sedis 1 Basterotiidae incertae sedis 2 6.7 x 4.5 mm 6 x 6 mm More elongate; Distinctive shape Off-center beak Basterotina americana cf. Basterotia sp. (Dall, 1900) 3.9 x 2.3 mm; 5.5 x 3.3 mm 6.3 x 3.2 mm Juvenile; Adult ? Rounded beak Pointed beak 157 Sportellidae I Sportellidae incertae sedis 1 Sportellidae incertae sedis 2 Broken; Broken 9 x 6 mm 3.6 x 2.8 mm More trigonal Highly distinctive shape Paramya subovata Fabella sp. (Conrad, 1845) 12.5 x 7.5 mm 14.5 x 9.2 mm More elongate Angled beak 158 Sportella Sportella sp. 10.5 x 5.2 mm More trigonal Sportella calpix Sportella waccamawensis Gardner, 1944 Gardner, 1944 11.5 x 8 mm 14 x 9.5 mm; max ~16 x 11 mm Assymetrical More symmetrical 159 Ensitellops Ensitellops cf. compressus Ensitellops protextus (H. C. Lea, 1843) (Conrad, 1841) 12.5 x 6 mm Juvenile; Broken Moderately elongate 4 x 2.2 mm; 12 x 5.5 mm; max 17 x 7 mm Very elongate Ensitellops tabula Olsson & Harbison, 1953 Subadult; Adult 7 x 3.6 mm; 11 x 5.2 mm; 14 x 7 mm Highly distinctive shape 160 Fraginae & Trachycardiinae Americardia columba Heilprin, 1887 28 x 29 mm Highly distinctive shape Trachycardium emmonsi (Conrad, 1867) 54 x 66 mm; max ~65 x 80 mm Highly distinctive sculpture Papyridea turtoni Dall, 1900 Tiny Juvenile (Adult ~35 mm) 1.5 x 1.1 mm Highly distinctive shape 161 Laevicardiinae Dinocardium robustum Laevicardium cf. mortoni ([Lightfoot], 1786) (Conrad, 1831) Typically broken Broken; Broken 95 x 92 mm; 110 x 117 mm 2OD 13 x 12 mm; 19 x 22 mm Highly distinctive shape Beak more centered Laevicardium cf. wagnerianum Olsson & Harbisson, 1953 31 x 32 mm; max ~40 x 42 mm Larger; More curved margin Laevicardium sublineatum (Conrad, 1841) 35 x 32 mm Common Laevicardium 162 Tampaella Tampaellla sp. 1 Tampaellla sp. 2 10 x 8 mm 9.5 x 5.5 mm Compressed Longer Tampaellla sp. 3 10.5 x 7 mm Less Compressed 163 Eurytellina & Ameritella I Eurytellina cf. alternata Eurytellina cf. lineata (Say, 1822) (Turton, 1819) Juvenile Juvenile 10 x 5.5 mm 11 x 7.5 mm Fine commarginal ridges; Fine commarginal ridges; Narrower Broader Ameritella cf. consobrina (d’Orbigney, 1853) 9 x 4.5 mm; 14 x 8 mm 2OD Very rounded beak 164 Ameritella II Ameritella cf. tenella Ameritella cf. macilenta (Verrill, 1874) (Dall, 1900) 9 x 5.6 mm 12.4 x 8 mm; 14.5 x 9 mm More rounded Variable; Large wing Ameritella sp. Ameritella sybaritica Ameritella cf. verdevilla 8 x 5 mm (Dall, 1881) (Gardner, 1944) More pointed beak 9.1 x 5.7 mm 7 x 5 mm Smoother Elliptical 165 Tellinidae III Coanyax sp. Pair, Broken Leporimetis magnoliana 13 x 8 mm (Dall, 1900) More symmetrical Pair Acorylus suberis 49 x 38 mm (Dall, 1900) Highly distinctive shape 7.5 x 6.9 mm Subtrigonal; Compare Semelids Strigilla carolinensis (Conrad, 1862) 13 x 13 mm Highly distinctive sculpture; Less inflated when smaller Semelina nuculoides (Conrad, 1841) 6.2 x 4.8 mm; max ~7.8 x 5.2 mm Elliptical 166 Macominae & Psammobiidae Psammacoma brevifrons (Say, 1834) 7 x 3.5 mm; 22 x 10 mm; 41 x 22 mm Smoother; More angled Macoma cf. virginiana Gari wagneri (Conrad, 1866) (Dall, 1898) Broken 86 x 44 mm LM 15 x 9.7 mm Distinctive texture on anterior; More pointed beak More rounded 167 Donacidae Donax sp. Donax emmonsi 6 x 4 mm Dall, 1892 Very flat 1.6 x 1 mm; 6.1 x 4.4 mm Highly distinctive shape Donax preaquilibrata Donax cf. parvulus Gardner, 1944 Phillipi, 1849 8.5 x 6 mm; 9.5 x 5 mm 7 x 5 mm Highly distinctive shape Highly distinctive shape 168 Semelidae I Semelidae incertae sedis Ervilia cf. lata Ervilia cf. radiata Broken Dall, 1898 Gardner, 1944 9 x 7 mm 3.8 x 2.3 mm 5.1 x 3.2 mm Elongate; Rounded More elliptical More elongate Cumingia subtellinoides Abra sp. Abra aequalis (d'Orbigny, 1852) 6.4 x 5.7 mm Say, 1822 12 x 9 mm More trigonal; Typical; var. Highly distinctive shape Compare Acorylus 8.8 x 8 mm; 7.9 x 6.9 mm Sloping sides 169 Semele & Solecurtidae Semele bellastriata Semele cf. rosea (Conrad, 1837) (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) 22 x 16 mm Broken; Broken Highly distinctive sculpture 29 x 18 mm; 41 x 44 mm; max ~140 x 120 mm Faint radial sculpture; Very large Solecurtus cumingianus Tagelus plebeius Dunker, 1861 ([Lightfoot], 1786) Pair; Typically broken Broken 69 x 30 mm 35 x 25 mm; max >~100 x 35 mm Common solecurtid Enlarged nymph (portion of hinge).