W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2000 Osteology, phylogeny, and biogeography of the marine fish family Ephippidae (Perciformes, Acanthuroidei), with comments on sister group relationships Martin Ray Cavalluzzi College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Fresh Water Studies Commons, Oceanography Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Cavalluzzi, Martin Ray, "Osteology, phylogeny, and biogeography of the marine fish family Ephippidae (Perciformes, Acanthuroidei), with comments on sister group relationships" (2000). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616603. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-pm7s-3q12 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. 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OSTEOLOGY, PHYLOGENY, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MARINE FISH FAMILY EPHIPPIDAE (PERCIFORMES, ACANTHUROIDEI),WITH COMMENTS ON SISTER GROUP RELATIONSHIPS. A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Martin R. Cavalluzzi 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9974943 Copyright 2000 by Cavalluzzi, Martin Ray All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform9974943 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Martin R. Cavalluzzi Approved. May 2000 . Olney. Ph.D Commi hairman/Co-ad G. David Johnson. [Ph.D. Co-advisor National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution Washington. D.C. ohn A. Musick. Ph.D. LJ,JL Edward O. Wiley, Ph.D. { The University of Kansas Lawrence. Kansas Emmett Duffy, P it uL uUJ Peter Van Veld, Ph.D. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. vU LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ x ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................2 Historical Taxonomy ...............................................................................................4 Monophyly of the Ephippidae ................................................................................ 6 Intrafamilial Relationships ..................................................................................... 7 Sister-group Relationships..................................................................................... 9 Choice of Outgroups for Phylogenetic Analyses of the Ephippidae 14 O bjectives ..................................................................................................................17 MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................... 19 Phylogeny construction ..........................................................................................21 Consensus trees, branch support, tree stability and bootstrap ...................24 Area cladogram s......................................................................................................27 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 29 Character Descriptions ..........................................................................................29 CONSTRAINT TREE ANALYSES .......................................................................68 Constraint Tree 1 ....................................................................................... 69 Constraint Tree 2 ....................................................................................... 71 Constraint Tree 3 ....................................................................................... 71 Constraint Tree 4 ....................................................................................... 72 Constraint Tree 5 ....................................................................................... 72 Constraint Tree 6 ....................................................................................... 73 Constraint Tree 7 ....................................................................................... 74 DISCUSSION OF CONSTRAINT TREE ANALYSES ...................................... 74 SISTER GROUPS TO THE EPHIPPIDAE.........................................................79 PHYLOGENY OF THE EPHIPPIDAE..................................................................82 Phylogenetic Reconstruction ..................................................................82 Consensus trees, branch support, tree stability and bootstrap . 82 Monophyly of the Ephippidae ................................................................85 Phylogeny of the Ephippid Clades .........................................................86 Chaetodipterus + Ephippus + Tripterodon + P la ta x + Z a b id iu s..............................................................................86 Ephippus + Tripterodon + P la ta x + Z a b id i u s ..................... 87 Tripterodon + Platax + Zabidius ............................................. 87 Platax + Z a b id iu s......................................................................... 88 Proteracanthus + Parapsettus + Rhinoprenes ..................... 88 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Parapsettus + Rhinoprenes ....................................................... 88 Alternative hypothesis: DELTRAN optim ization ..................................89 Autapomorphies and other features of interest ..................................90 KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE EPH IPPID A E................................................95 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE EPHIPPIDAE ..........................................................97 D ISC U SSIO N .......................................................................................................... 102 Appendix I. List of loan material for phylogenetic study of Ephippidae .............113 Appendix II. Historical taxonomy of ephippid larvae .............................................. 121 Appendix III. Chapter on larval ephippids of the Indo-Pacific ................................122 Appendix IV. Chapter on larval drepaneids of the Indo-Pacific ............................. 127 Appendix V. Translation of Blot’s (1969) description of the genus Archaephippus ..........................................................................................132 Appendix VI. Translation of Blot’s (1969) description of the genus E o p la ta x .....................................................................................................................................135