SEQUENCE INTEGRATION GRAPH AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO MODEL-BASED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Debasish Kundu SEQUENCE INTEGRATION GRAPH AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO MODEL-BASED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Thesis submitted to the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur For award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Debasish Kundu Under the supervision of Dr. Debasis Samanta and Prof. Rajib Mall SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR MARCH 2014 ⃝c 2014 Debasish Kundu. All rights reserved. CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL .... / .... / .... Certified that the thesis entitled Sequence Integration Graph and its Applica- tions to Model-Based Software Development submitted by Debasish Kundu to the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, for the award of the degree of Doc- tor of Philosophy has been accepted by the external examiners and that the student has successfully defended the thesis in the viva-voce examination held today. Signature: Signature: Signature: Name: Name: Name: (Member of the DSC) (Member of the DSC) (Member of the DSC) Signature: Signature: Name: Name: (Supervisor) (Supervisor) Signature: Signature: Name: Name: (External Examiner) (Chairman) Certificate This is to certify that the thesis entitled Sequence Integration Graph and its Applications to Model-Based Software Development, submitted by Debasish Kundu to the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, is a record of bonafide research work under our supervision and we consider it worthy of consideration for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Institute. Prof. Rajib Mall Dr. Debasis Samanta Department of Computer Science School of Information Technology Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur -721 302, INDIA Kharagpur -721 302, INDIA Date: Date: Declaration I certify that, a. the work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by me under the guidance of my supervisors. b. the work has not been submitted to any other institute for any degree or diploma. c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in preparing the thesis. d. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the ethical code of conduct of the institute. e. whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary. Debasish Kundu BIO-DATA Debasish Kundu is currently a Ph.D. research scholar in the School of Information Technology at Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. In his research, he is focusing on UML sequence diagram and its three applications: code generation, coverage analysis, and infeasible path detection. He has received the B.Tech. degree in Computer Science and Technology from Kalyani Govt. Engineering College, India in 2003 and the M.S. degree in Information Technology from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2008. His current research interests include software engineering, model-based testing using UML, program analysis. Dedicated To My beloved Parents Acknowledgments Writing this part of the thesis is probably the toughest. Though the list of people to acknowledge is long, making this list is not difficult. The difficult part is to find the words that convey the sincerity and magnitude of my gratitude. People unknown to me till a few years before, have become indispensable in my life, while the people already known to me, remain pillars of support and encouragement all these days. It is because of their presence that I am here now. First and foremost I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Debasis Samanta and Professor Rajib Mall for their invaluable guidance and en- couragement throughout my work. Their constant motivation, support and infectious enthusiasm have guided me towards the successful completion of my doctoral study. My interactions with them have been of immense help in defining my research goals and in identifying ways to achieve them. Their encouraging words have often pushed me to put in my best possible efforts. Above all, the complete belief that they have entrusted upon me and have instilled a great sense of confidence and purpose in my mind, which I am sure, will stand me in good stead throughout my career. It gives me immense pleasure to thank my doctoral scrutiny committee members Dr. S. Misra, Prof. S. Sarkar, Prof. B Mahanty for their valuable suggestions during my research tenure. My sincere thanks to the heads of the department Prof. I. Sen- gupta, Prof. J. Mukhopadhyay, and Prof. R. Mall for the world class infrastructure provided in the department to the research students. I also thank all faculty members of the School of Information Technology for their helpful comments and constant en- couragement. I owe my deepest gratitude to Dr. Monalisa Sarma for her continuous support and encouragement during my doctoral study. I sincerely remember the sup- port of office staffs Mithunda, Somadi, Soumitrigi, Malayda, Vinodda, Pratap and others. I wish to convey my special thanks to my old friends Sandeep, Kamal for their constant support and help during the various stages of my work. I am greatly in- debted to many of my friends for their constant inspiration. The support of my lab mates namely Sashidhar, Somanth, Rajkumar, Col. Ranjit Singh, Prasenjit, Shobhana madam, Ashalata madam, Sankar, Sharmagi, Barsha, Narendra, Ananth, Jaswasi, Jainath, Gourang, Ganesh, Soumya, Arindamda, Nirnay, Sudhamay, Gau- tam, Praveen, Kanchan, Partha, and many more. It is a great fun and source of ideas and energy to have friends like Soumalya, Sayan, Manoj, Pradipta, Tuhin, Raj Kumar, Santa, Jayeeta, and many more during my stay at IIT Kharagpur. My hostel days have been joyful with the presence of the friends like Rajarshi, Dinesh, Sahidul- lah, NirmalyaDa, Santunu, Radhasham, Saikat, Rajib Da, Chandan, and others. Acknowledgement certainly remains incomplete if I do not write anything regard- ing my parents, whom I love the most. Due to my studies, they have sacrificed a lot since my childhood days. Their priceless affection, spontaneous encouragement, ded- ication to build myself a good human being are the pillars of my strength to achieve goals which are almost next to impossible. No word is enough to express their contri- butions to my life. Finally, I am grateful to my school teachers, well wishers, elders in our native place for their blessings. Debasish Kundu Contents Certificate of Approval i Certificate iii Declaration v Acknowledgements xi Contents xiii List of Figures xvii List of Tables xix List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii Abstract xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Software automation . 1 1.2 Model-based software development . 3 1.3 Scope of work . 6 1.4 Objectives of the thesis . 7 1.5 Contributions of our research . 8 1.6 Organization of the thesis . 9 2 Survey of Related Work 11 2.1 Code generation from UML diagrams . 11 2.2 Testing using UML sequence diagrams . 13 xiii Contents 2.3 Infeasible path detection techniques . 18 2.3.1 Static analysis techniques . 19 2.3.2 Dynamic analysis techniques . 21 2.4 Conclusion . 23 3 Construction of SIG 25 3.1 Some definitions . 25 3.2 Sequence Integration Graph (SIG) . 27 3.3 Issues with construction of SIG . 29 3.4 Our approach . 33 3.5 Analyzing consistency between sequence diagram and SIG . 47 3.6 Applications of SIG . 49 3.7 Conclusion . 50 4 Code Generation 53 4.1 Our approach . 53 4.2 Analysis and Results . 61 4.2.1 Completeness of generated code . 62 4.2.2 Complexity analysis . 71 4.2.3 Memory and performance analysis . 74 4.3 Comparison with related work . 74 4.4 Conclusion . 75 5 Control of MM Path Coverage 77 5.1 MM paths for sequence diagram . 77 5.2 Our approach . 81 5.2.1 MM path generation . 81 5.2.2 Construction of MM coverage model . 89 5.2.3 Path generation from MM coverage model . 92 5.3 Experimental results and analysis . 98 5.3.1 Subject design . 98 5.3.2 Compare MM coverage model with CFG . 100 5.3.3 Comparing computation overhead with SIG and CFG .... 107 5.3.4 Threats to validity . 110 5.4 Comparison with related work . 111 5.5 Conclusion . 112 xiv Contents 6 Identification of Infeasible Paths 115 6.1 Two interaction patterns of sequence diagrams . 115 6.2 Our approach . 120 6.3 Experimental results . 133 6.3.1 Objectives . 133 6.3.2 Subject programs . 134 6.3.3 Effect of MUX and NLC interaction patterns . 134 6.3.4 Influence of infeasible paths on test effort estimation . 141 6.3.5 Influence of locations of interaction patterns . 147 6.3.6 Compare computation overhead with SIG and CFG ..... 150 6.3.7 Threats to validity . 151 6.4 Comparison with related work . 153 6.5 Conclusion . 156 7 Conclusions and Future Research 159 7.1 Research contributions . 159 7.2 Directions for Future Research . 162 Bibliography 165 A Restaurant Automation System (RAS) 175 B Auditorium Management System (AMS) 183 xv List of Figures 3.1 An example sequence diagram and corresponding SIG. 26 3.2 An example sequence diagram and its control flow graph. 30 3.3 XMI representation of Fig. 3.2(a)..................... 32 3.4 Activity diagram for construction of SIG from a sequence diagram. 33 3.5 Sequence diagram of Issue Book use case. 35 3.6 Class diagram for meta-data of sequence diagram in XMI. 37 3.7 SIG of Issue Book sequence diagram. 41 3.8 Block diagram of integrated framework. 50 4.1 Code generation framework. 54 4.2 Sample code generated from SIG of Issue Book............