Shared sovereignty in a two State context: a problem of distributive justice A Thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2012 Jorge Emilio Núñez School of Law Table of Contents Table of Cases ............................................................................................................. 7 List of Tables .............................................................................................................. 8 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 9 Declaration ................................................................................................................ 10 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................ 11 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... 13 Part One Chapter One: Sovereignty conflicts as a distributive justice dilemma ............... 17 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 17 Sovereignty conflicts of various natures ................................................................ 19 General structure .................................................................................................... 21 Theoretical background .......................................................................................... 22 Chapter Two: Limited sovereignty ........................................................................ 26 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 26 The concept of ‘sovereignty’ .................................................................................. 26 Aim of the historical account ................................................................................. 35 The Ancient World ................................................................................................. 39 Ancient Greece ................................................................................................... 40 Ancient Rome ..................................................................................................... 43 The Middle Ages .................................................................................................... 46 The Modern Age .................................................................................................... 51 Contemporary Age ................................................................................................. 59 Current views on legal and political sovereignty ................................................... 62 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 66 2 Part Two Chapter Three: What should ‘shared sovereignty’ mean? .................................. 69 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 69 Previous uses of the terminology ........................................................................... 69 The meaning of ‘shared sovereignty’ in this thesis ................................................ 78 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 82 Chapter Four: How far can sovereign States cooperate together and limit their freedom without sacrificing their sovereignty? ..................................................... 83 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 83 From the smallest to the largest societal organisation ............................................ 84 Self-ownership, sovereignty and different types of constraints ............................. 89 Sovereignty: supreme authority and limitations ................................................... 100 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 103 Chapter Five: Why is shared sovereignty desirable? ......................................... 104 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 104 Possible solutions in sovereignty conflicts ........................................................... 104 Unilateral solutions ........................................................................................... 105 a) Fortress ...................................................................................................... 105 b) Integration and free association ................................................................ 106 c) Independence ............................................................................................ 107 d) Self-determination .................................................................................... 111 International-Multilateral approaches ............................................................... 115 a) A NATO-based Multilateral Security approach ....................................... 115 b) United Nations Trusteeship ...................................................................... 116 c) Is the Antarctic Treaty a possible model? ................................................. 117 d) Could one appeal to the International Court of Justice? ........................... 118 Bilateral approaches .......................................................................................... 118 3 a) A condominium......................................................................................... 119 b) Leaseback with guarantees ....................................................................... 120 c) A Sovereignty freeze ................................................................................. 121 d) Abandonment ............................................................................................ 122 e) Titular Sovereignty and autonomy ............................................................ 122 The status quo ....................................................................................................... 123 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 123 Part Three Chapter Six: How can shared sovereignty be just? ............................................ 126 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 126 Setting the stage for the negotiations ................................................................... 127 Formal constraints. A ‘colourable claim’ ............................................................. 130 Alternatives for the negotiators. Principles for the allocation of sovereignty ...... 137 Original position ................................................................................................... 140 Introducing the ‘veil of ignorance’ ................................................................... 140 Adapting the ‘veil of ignorance’ to sovereignty conflicts: rationality of the parties and their representatives ........................................................................ 142 Reasons leading to the principles of justice: The rule of maximin ...................... 144 The negotiations: choosing a principle to allocate sovereignty ........................... 148 Why ‘just acquisition’ cannot work .................................................................. 149 The ‘best interest of the child’ principle ........................................................... 153 The difference principle .................................................................................... 155 The equality or ‘equal shares’ principle ........................................................... 159 Preliminary requirements for a fair distribution ................................................... 163 The ‘egalitarian shared sovereignty’ .................................................................... 165 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 175 4 Chapter Seven: How could shared sovereignty work in practice? .................... 177 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 177 Delimiting the range of application ...................................................................... 178 The ‘egalitarian shared sovereignty’ applied to actual cases ............................... 179 Population ......................................................................................................... 180 a) Numbers .................................................................................................... 182 b) Ethnicity .................................................................................................... 182 c) Language ................................................................................................... 183 d) Religion ..................................................................................................... 184 Territory ...........................................................................................................