Case 1:20-cv-10015-DJC Document 30 Filed 07/20/20 Page 1 of 98 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS EQUAL MEANS EQUAL, | THE YELLOW ROSES, | KATHERINE WEITBRECHT, | Plaintiffs, | | | v. | | Civil Action No. 20-cv-10015-DJC | DAVID S. FERRIERO, in his official | Capacity as Archivist of the United States, | Defendant. | ___________________________________ | AMENDED BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE INCLUDING THE ALICE PAUL INSTITUTE, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON TRUST, NATIONAL WOMEN’S POLITICAL CAUCUS, NATIONAL CONGRESS OF BLACK WOMEN, MOMS IN OFFICE, MADMOMS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND DIVERSITY COMMISSION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, SCREEN ACTORS GUILD - AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TELEVISION AND RADIO ARTISTS (SAG-AFTRA), UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST, TURNING POINT SUFFRAGIST MEMORIAL ORGANIZATION, WOMEN’S NATIONAL HISTORY ALLIANCE, SEVERAL NOW CHAPTERS AND ERA COALITIONS AND MANY OTHERS IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS’ AMENDED COMPLAINT Case 1:20-cv-10015-DJC Document 30 Filed 07/20/20 Page 2 of 98 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ....................................... 2 ARGUMENT . 3 I. THE EQUALITY OF ALL CITIZENS IS ESSENTIAL TO AMERICAN DEMOCRACY . 3 A. American Democracy Is a Form of Liberal Democracy, Based in Large Measure on the Equality of Citizens, Purportedly Enshrined in the Constitution................................... 3 B. Under the Common Law, Married Women Were Legal Non-entities. ............................ 7 C. The First Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, Declared That Women and Men Were Equal and Listed Discriminatory Laws and Practices to Be Rectified in Their Declaration of Sentiments. ................................... 9 D. For the First Time, the ERA Will Provide Women the Right to Have Equal Treatment under Law in Our Constitution.................................. 15 II. WOMEN ARE DEPRIVED OF FULL CITIZENSHIP UNDER THE CONSTITUTION WITHOUT THE ERA. 16 A. Poverty Rates of Women and Children Will Be Ameliorated by the ERA. ...................... 18 B. The ERA Will Help Equalize Access to Education for Women...................................... 22 C. Sex-based Discrimination Has a Deleterious Effect on Women’s Health. ............................. 23 D. The ERA Will Help Curb Violence Against Women by Placing Equal Value on Women and Rectifying Discriminatory Laws. ......................... 24 CONCLUSION. 25 i Case 1:20-cv-10015-DJC Document 30 Filed 07/20/20 Page 3 of 98 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . 27 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE. 27 ADDENDUM Amici Curiae................................................ 28 Activism Caucus of The Association For Women In Psychology . 28 Albuquerque Center for Peace and Justice . 29 Alice Paul Institute. 30 Allies Reaching for Equality . 30 American Association of University Women of Florida . 32 American Association of University Women – Michigan Chapter. 33 Campus Safety Advocacy Group . 34 Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST) . 35 CODEPINK . 35 Dr. Bronner’s Family Foundation . 37 Elizabeth Cady Stanton Trust . 38 ERA Minnesota . 39 ERA-NC Alliance . 39 Fairfax County Commission for Women . 40 Flora's Refuge and Resource . 41 FOR FREEDOMS . 42 Fuerza Mundial Global . 42 Fund for Women Artists, Inc. dba WomenArts. 43 Houston Women's March On. 43 Human Rights and Diversity Commission International Brotherhood of Teamsters . 44 Indivisible Worcester Maryland . 46 Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma . 46 Isle Of Wight County Humane Society . 47 L.I.N.D.A Organization . 48 MadMoms Fight For Justice . 48 Michigan ERAMerica . 50 Michigan Woman Forward . 51 Mid County Psychological Associates . 51 Moms in Office . 52 National Coalition Against Violent Athletes. 52 ii Case 1:20-cv-10015-DJC Document 30 Filed 07/20/20 Page 4 of 98 National Congress of Black Women, Inc. 53 National Equal Rights Amendment Alliance. 54 National Girls Health and Justice Institute . 55 National Women’s Political Caucus . 56 New Jersey Crime Victims' Law Center . 57 National Organization for Women - Seattle Chapter . 59 ERA Task Force Albuquerque Chapter of NOW . 59 Florida NOW . 60 Northern New Jersey NOW . 60 Santa Fe NOW . 61 Nurtured Parent . 62 Organic Consumers Association . 62 Rethinking Eve LLC . 63 SAG-AFTRA . 64 Senior Care Options, Inc. 65 Turning Point Suffragist Memorial Organization . 66 The Women's Coalition . 66 Trafficking in America Task Force . 67 TransLatin@ Coalition. 68 United Church of Christ. 68 Virginia Sexual and Domestic Violence Action Alliance . 69 The Woman’s Club of Olympia. 70 Women NC.................................................. 70 Women’s Equal Rights Legal Defense and Education Fund . 71 Women’s National History Alliance . 72 Zonta Club of Kenmore . 72 SUPPLEMENTAL ADDENDUM. 73 Additional Amici Curiae ...................................... 73 Culture Reframed . 73 Democrats Abroad . 74 Driftwood Kitchen Design. 76 Fiduciary Trust International . 76 Global Indigenous Council . 77 Hollywood NOW . 79 Kuta Intellectual Property Law, LLC . 79 Moms Fight Back . 80 iii Case 1:20-cv-10015-DJC Document 30 Filed 07/20/20 Page 5 of 98 Picture Social Justice . 82 Real Estate Advisors Group. 82 Sustainable Marin. 83 Veterans For Peace. 85 Wisdom Lotus Foundation Inc. 86 iv Case 1:20-cv-10015-DJC Document 30 Filed 07/20/20 Page 6 of 98 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Commonwealth v. King, 374 Mass. 5, 21 (1977) ............................................... 16 Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190, 197 (1976). ............................................. 15 United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 532 (1996). ............................................. 15 United States v. Yazell, 382 U.S. 341, 361, 86 S.Ct. 500, 15 L.Ed.2d 404 (1966). ................. 8 United States Constitution U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 . 15 U.S. Const. art. V . 6 Statutes 86 STAT. 1523 (1972), NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION: JOINT RESOLUTION OF MARCH 22, 1972, 86 STAT 1523, PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES RELATIVE TO EQUAL RIGHTS FOR MEN AND WOMEN (copy of original available at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7455549). 7, 13 MODEL PENAL CODE § 213.1 (1962), . 8 N.C. GEN.STAT. § 14-27.34 (2019). ..