2. - ANCIENT ART AND ITS REMAINS; MANUAL OF THE ARCHEOLOGY OF ART. BY C. 0. M"LLER, Author of " The Histovy and Antiquitiesof the Doric Race." " A Scientific S\-stem of Mvthologv,"'"Src iW EDITION -WITH Nl'MEROUS ADDITIONS BY F. (I.WELCKER. TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY JOHN LEITCH. LONDON: A. FULLARTON AND CO., NEWGATE STREET. 185U. kdinburgh: FCLLVRTOX AX,. MACNAB, PRIXTERS, LEITH WALK. DEDICATED THE RIGHT HOJiOURABLE SIR ROBERT PEEL, BART., M.P., SINCERE ADMIRATION HIS VIRTUES AND TALENTS, THE TRANSLATOR. 8530"6 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE I have entleavoure"! to much In tlii" Translation avoid, as as pos-sible, the introduction of new words; but, in the original, various with technical terms occur, which, notwithstanding their novelty to the English reader, I could not dispense; because their rejection in sacrifice of would occasion, some measure, a sense, or a disturb-ance the of the system pursued by author, " as in Tectonics and A)'chitectonics for example. I may also mention the word scalpture. in in It is not, 1 believe, use our language, but as scalptiiradesignates branch of ancient I did hesitate a particular art, not to Anglicise it. It be also to that the may proper explain, throughout work a dis-tinction and is kept up between column jyillctr,the fonuer denoting the circular supporting member of the diflerent orders of architec-ture, the latter the square pier. The words formative and 2}iastic, convertible likewise, are employed as epithets, except in a few in-stances where the latter is used in its original and more restricted its sense; in these, however, meaning may be discovered from the context. learned of The most my readers will be most ready to make allowance for the difficulties of which my task, were greatly en-hanced, least in the the author's desire at notes, by to express his ideas in the briefest the possible manner. By perhaps too unspar-ing of he has rendered use ellipsis frequently his meaning obscure or ambiguous. In some instances I was enabled to discover the recollection of the monuments sense by my described, in nnuiy others reference to the author's and in by sources, some cases I have derived considerable benefit from the suggestions of Professor Donaldson, whose valuable works on the architectural remains of Greece and Italy are so frequently referred to by M"ller, and to whom I take this of opportunity ottering my warmest thanks for his obliging assistance. Nevertheless I cannot flatter myself that I have always succeeded in overcoming the difficulties I have had to and, in the I still find encounter, glancing over work, i)assages which I should have wished to nnienil. vi TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. It would certainlyhave been desirable to have the references throughout the work verified,but I was withheld from making this addition to my labour, by their immense number, my other engage-ments, and the difficultyof gettingaccess to the works referred to, many of which are not to be found in any of our publiclibraries. However, I have in numerous instances consulted the authorities quoted,wheu I wished to clear up any doubt or obscurity;and on such occasions I have very rarelydiscovered any inaccuracyin the citation. When I was aware of any foreignwork having been translated into English I transferred the reference to the translation. The present Avork will probablybe followed by M"ller and Oes- terley's" Monuments of Ancient Art," Avhen the originalwork, which is now in course of publicationat G"ttingen,will have been completed. It is intended as a companion to this Manual, and con-tains numerous platesillustrating-the difFei'ent periodsof art, ac-cording to the system here pursued. London, 22 Welbecr Street, July,1847. The presentedition of this work, besides containingall the addi-tions in the last German edition,which were partlyderived from the manuscripts of the lamented author,and in great part contri-buted by the Editor,Professor Welcker of Bonn, is enriched with a considerable number of additions which that eminent archaeologist was so obligingas to transmit to me while the translation was pass-ing through the press. It will be easy to distinguishhis share in the work, as his contributions are all enclosed within brackets. The paragraph on Nineveh was written before the publicationof Capt. Layard'swork, and his discoveries,therefore,are not mentioned. from Mr. Welcker I very recentlyrequested a supplementary no-tice of them, which I would have appended to the book, but he thinks it better to be silent until he can obtain a more connected and leisurelyview of those importantdiscoveries,and be thus enabled to treat the subjectin a more complete and satisfactorymanner. confined The additions, which are with very few exceptions to the notes, amount altogetherto several thousands,and this edition last. is nearlya fourth largerthan the J. L. KoTHESAY, Maij 1850. AUTHOR'S PREFACE As the book which I now present for a second time to the i)ublic, has been found useful in its earlier form, I have allowed the latter to remain on the whole unaltered, and have even marke"l several 75*. 157*. 241*. new paragraphs (". 324*. 345*. 345**.) so as that the previous arrangement might not be disturbed by them. I am indeed aware that much other information on inscriptions,coins, and the topographical references of monuments might be expected of but I have been forced in a ]\Ianual Archjcology; by my plan to exclude everything whereby our knowledge of the formative art in antiquity was not immediately advanced, and have been obliged, therefore, for example, to treat coins merely as highly important re-mains of ancient art, but not as monuments of the political life and commerce of the ancients " the chief consideration, and which has been still too little brought into view, in this study. On the other liand, I am in like manner convinced, that far more can be done than this IManual attempts, in the exposition of the internal princi-ples artists by which the wore guided, consciously or unconsciously, in the development of their ideas. However, I have also, in this new edition, adhered to the opinion that its object should be nothing more than to collect the sum and substance of the previous treat-ment of the science, and, therefore, that it should only communicate the most certain and evident observations on these questions, which have not yet been sufficientlyexamined in their higher connexion. I have considered it to my duty practise a similar self-denial in re-gard the of which to mythology art, on my views still diticr widely from those which for the most are held, part, by the present genera-tion of archaeologicalinquirers. If, as they assert, the sculptors of and antiquity sought consciously designedly to express in their works certain fundamental ideas of heathendom, which are therefore to be to interpreted, so speak, as hieroglyphics of a physical theo-logy, in wc ought not, my opinion, to expect from the artists of the best of era Greek art a greater knowledge of their hereditary faith than should from we any person among the people; but every thing else with the creative was, spirits among the artists, an activity as free and peculiar to them, dependent only on the requirements of their the of art, as development any mytlius into a Sophoclean tra-gedy. In whatever way this question, which ought to receive in time our a thorough investigation, may be decided, the ailherents of this doctrine cannot bring against the present Manual the reproach viii AUTHOR'S PREFACE. that it little iiiforniation ancient gives regarding an system of theo-logy which can be discovered alone from works of art. But I have so much the more endeavoured to complete, define and the facts more precisely, arrange more accurately which should find in book. The additions of a place my great to our knowledge ancient art the last few have not been in during years patched on, notices hastily raked together, but have, with continued attention, been interwoven with the whole. The numerous criticisms to which the work has been of various subjected on the part learned archaeo-logists, have also been carefully turned to account. But, altogether, I that the labour this may say attending second edition has been than which scarcely less that was at first expended on the entire work. I flatter that I have hit the medium cannot myself always proper between scantiness and of materials. Those who superfluity possess a knowledge of the subject will readily discover the principles which I laid down for myself as to the facts and monuments which the work should but in I be embrace; many cases, however, might sometimes guided merely by a subjective, by a momentary feeling. I My task was rendered more diflicult from the circumstance that intended book form at the time basis for oral my to same a exposi-tions and a Manual for the private student, as a separation of the be advisable in the two objects might not present state of our is studies. Hence there more matter given in this book than can in of be develojied and exhausted an academical course a hundred lectures; and although, perhaps, it might be made the basis of of diflerent each lecturer archaeological prelections very kinds, yet free and method his in-deed, might still employ a independent of own; the author himself has latterly found it the best plan to anti-cipate first it is in the or historical part what most important to forms and of know on the technics, subjects ancient art, without be-ing convinced that that the less on account the systematic arrange-ment of the second part is of essential advantage to the study.