PARTICLES AND PARTICLE-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH AND OTHER GERMANIC LANGUAGES by Darrell Larsen A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Spring 2014 c 2014 Darrell Larsen All Rights Reserved UMI Number: 3631189 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3631189 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 PARTICLES AND PARTICLE-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH AND OTHER GERMANIC LANGUAGES by Darrell Larsen Approved: Benjamin Bruening, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science Approved: George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Science Approved: James G. Richards, Ph.D. Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the aca- demic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: Benjamin Bruening, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the aca- demic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: Peter Cole, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the aca- demic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: Jeffrey Heinz, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the aca- demic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: Marcel den Dikken, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation advisor, Professor Benjamin Bruening, who had the painstaking task of reading through earlier, incomplete and error- laden drafts of this dissertation. His attention to theoretical detail has led to significant improvements in much of the argumentation herein. I am also grateful to my committee members, Professors Peter Cole, Jeffrey Heinz and Marcel den Dikken, for their valuable comments and critiques of the pre-final version of this dissertation. One of the most valuable pieces of advice I received as I worked on my dissertation came from Professor den Dikken, who advised me early on to start with the complex particle-verb constructions; they have a strong tendency to undermine otherwise promising analyses. Next, I would like to thank the graduate students in the linguistics program at the University of Delaware. Of them, I am especially grateful to those who provided me with friendship and many nights of revelry: Toni McLaughlan, Regine (Yee King) Lai, Jane Chan- dlee, Solveig Bosse, Masahiro Yamada, Robert Wilder, and Karthik Durvasula. I would be remiss to not also thank their counterparts prior to my time in Delaware, and though I will not name these other friends individually (I would certainly forget someone!), they should know that I cherish the many memories I share with them and look forward to the time when I can meet them again. Jane Creswell, the department secretary, deserves special recognition for the invalu- able help she provides to all the students and faculty. Thank you for all your help! A debt of gratitude is owed to all of my previous language and linguistics instructors. Of them, special thanks go to Dr. Andrew Irving, Professor Thomas Purnell, and Professor Katarzyna Beilin for graciously writing letters of recommendation for my applications to graduate school (and for remembering who I was three years after I graduated, when I first contacted them regarding the letters of recommendation!). iv Finally, I would like to thank my family. My parents allowed me to travel my own path(s) from a young age and supported me each time I decided to leave the country to study a new language. My lovely wife, Misun Kim, has made many sacrifices so I could study linguistics and has remained supportive throughout my time in graduate school. My son, Andrew, has always managed to brighten my spirits after I have been toiling away at my dissertation. Last of all, my forthcoming second son gives me something to look forward to after my dissertation is submitted! v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 The Issues ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Overview of Analysis ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 1.3 What Is a Particle? ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8 1.4 Outline ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 2 PREVIOUS ACCOUNTS OF PARTICLE-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS ::: 13 2.1 Small-clause Analyses ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 13 2.1.1 Kayne(1985) ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19 2.1.1.1 Simple Particle-verb Constructions ::::::::::: 19 2.1.1.2 Complex Particle-verb Constructions :::::::::: 20 2.1.2 Svenonius(1992) ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24 2.1.3 Svenonius(1994) through Ramchand & Svenonius(2002) :::: 27 2.1.4 Den Dikken(1995) :::::::::::::::::::::::: 34 2.1.4.1 Simple Particle-verb Constructions ::::::::::: 34 2.1.4.2 Complex Particle-verb Constructions :::::::::: 36 2.2 Complex-head Analyses :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 38 2.2.1 Groos(1989) ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 43 2.2.2 Booij(1990) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 44 2.2.3 Johnson(1991) :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 45 2.2.3.1 Simple Particle-verb Constructions ::::::::::: 45 vi 2.2.3.2 Complex Particle-verb Constructions :::::::::: 47 2.2.4 Neeleman & Weerman(1993a) :::::::::::::::::: 49 2.2.5 Neeleman(1994) ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 2.2.6 Toivonen(2003) :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52 2.3 Particles as Nonprojecting, Independent Verbal Complements ::::::: 56 2.3.1 Radford(1997) :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 58 2.3.2 Blom(2005) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 60 2.4 Syntax-Phonology Interface Analyses ::::::::::::::::::: 63 2.4.1 Idsardi(1989) ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 64 2.4.2 Neeleman(2002); Neeleman & Weerman(1999) ::::::::: 69 2.4.3 Kremers(2009) :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 75 2.5 Other :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 79 2.5.1 Åfarli(1985) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 80 2.5.2 Aarts(1989) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 83 2.5.3 Harley & Noyer(1998) :::::::::::::::::::::: 85 2.5.4 Vinka(1999) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 89 2.5.5 Zeller(2001, 2002) :::::::::::::::::::::::: 93 2.5.6 Basilico(2008) :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 97 2.5.6.1 Simple Particle-verb Construction ::::::::::: 97 2.5.6.2 Complex Particle-verb Construction :::::::::: 100 2.5.7 Los et al.(2012), Elenbaas(2007) and Booij(2010) :::::::: 102 2.5.7.1 Dutch: Los et al.(2012) and Booij(2010) ::::::: 103 2.5.7.2 English: Los et al.(2012) and Elenbaas(2007) ::::: 104 2.6 Conclusion ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 107 3 SEMANTICS OF PARTICLES :::::::::::::::::::::::: 109 3.1 Overview: Selectional Restrictions and Aspectual Modification :::::: 111 3.1.1 Changes in Valence and Other Selectional Restrictions :::::: 111 vii 3.1.2 Changes in Aspect ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 116 3.2 Lexical Semantics of Particles ::::::::::::::::::::::: 117 3.2.1 Regularity of Particle Meaning :::::::::::::::::: 120 3.2.2 Are Particles Always Semantic Predicates? :::::::::::: 133 3.2.2.1 Particles with Verbs that Take Predicate Complements : 135 3.2.2.2 Verbal Uses of Particles ::::::::::::::::: 144 3.2.2.3 Aspectual Particles ::::::::::::::::::: 146 3.2.2.3.1 Particles as Paths of Events or Paths of Entities? :::::::::::::::::: 150 3.2.2.3.2 ‘Continuative’ on :::::::::::::: 154 3.2.2.3.3 along :::::::::::::::::::: 159 3.2.2.3.4 about and around ::::::::::::: 162 3.2.2.3.5 away :::::::::::::::::::: 167 3.2.2.3.6 ‘Completive’ off :::::::::::::: 172 3.2.2.3.7 ‘Inchoative’ off ::::::::::::::: 173 3.2.2.3.8 out ::::::::::::::::::::: 174 3.2.2.3.9 through #1 ::::::::::::::::: 176 3.2.2.3.10 through #2 ::::::::::::::::: 177 3.2.2.3.11 ‘Completive’ up and Scalar Particle Verbs : 178 3.2.2.3.12 Conclusion ::::::::::::::::: 183 3.2.2.4 Covert Arguments :::::::::::::::::::: 183 3.2.2.5 Conclusion ::::::::::::::::::::::: 186 3.2.3 Back as a Test for Spatial Meaning :::::::::::::::: 186 3.2.4 Is the Argument of a Particle-verb Always a FIGURE? ::::::: 192 3.3 Conclusion ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 198 4 SYNTAX OF SIMPLEX PARTICLE-VERB CONSTRUCTIONS :::::: 201 4.1 Structure of Particle-verb Constructions :::::::::::::::::: 202 4.1.1 Overview ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 202 4.1.1.1 θ-Roles ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 205 4.1.1.2 Complex Heads, Phrase Structure and Head Movement : 207 4.1.1.2.1 Phrase Structure :::::::::::::: 208 viii 4.1.1.2.2 Head Movement :::::::::::::: 210 4.1.2 Factors Influencing Projection/Word Order :::::::::::: 215 4.2 Are Particles Resultatives? ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 216 4.2.1 Similarities with Resultatives ::::::::::::::::::: 217 4.2.2 Differences with Resultatives :::::::::::::::::::