CornCorn WetWet MilledMilled FeedFeed ProductsProducts CONTENTS Member Companies and Plant Locations ............................ 2 Foreword ............................................................................. 3 The Corn Crop .................................................................... 4 The Corn Kernel .................................................................. 5 CONTENTS The Corn Wet Milling Process ............................................ 6 Composition of Wet Milled Feed Products ......................... 8 Applications of Wet Milled Feed Products ........................11 Nutrient Values of Wet Milled Feed Products ...................19 Analytical Examination of Feed Products ..........................24 Literature Cited ..................................................................25 TABLES 1. Proximate Analysis of Yellow Dent Corn Grain ............ 5 2. Composition of Corn Wet Milled Feeds .......................20 3. Nutrient Composition of Corn Wet Milled Feeds .........21 4. Mineral Content of Corn Wet Milled Feeds ..................22 5. Amino Acid Content of Corn Wet Milled Feeds............23 FIGURES 1. The Corn Kernel ............................................................. 5 2. The Corn Wet Milling Process ....................................... 7 Corn Refiners Association 1701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006-5805 202-331-1634 Fax: 202-331-2054 www.corn.org 1 4th Edition Copyright 2006 MEMBER COMPANIES PLANT LOCATIONS Archer Daniels Midland Company Plants: P.O. Box 1470 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404 Decatur, Illinois 62525 Clinton, Iowa 52732 Columbus, Nebraska 68601 Decatur, Illinois 62525 Marshall, Minnesota 56258-2744 Cargill, Incorporated Plants: P.O. Box 5662/MS62 Blair, Nebraska 68008-2649 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440-5662 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-2638 Dayton, Ohio 45413-8001 Decatur, Alabama 35601 Eddyville, Iowa 52553-5000 Hammond, Indiana 46320-1094 Memphis, Tennessee 38113-0368 Wahpeton, North Dakota 58075 Corn Products International, Inc. Plants: 5 Westbrook Corporate Center Bedford Park, Illinois 60501-1933 Westchester, Illinois 60154 Stockton, California 95206-0129 Winton-Salem, North Carolina 27107 National Starch and Chemical Company Plants: 10 Finderne Avenue Indianapolis, Indiana 46221 Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807-0500 North Kansas City, Missouri 64116 Penford Products Co. Plant: (A company of Penford Corporation) Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404-2175 P.O. Box 428 Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406-0428 Roquette America, Inc. Plant: 1417 Exchange Street Keokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Keokuk, Iowa 52632-6647 Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. Plants: (A subsidiary of Tate & Lyle, PLC ) Decatur, Illinois 62521 P.O. Box 151 Lafayette, Indiana 47902 Decatur, Illinois 62521 Lafayette, Indiana 47905 Loudon, Tennessee 37774 2 Corn is the basic food plant of modern America and by far its most versatile grain. The end products in which it is found are often far removed from the farmer's field. Corn refining plays a major role in the change from the golden ears of autumn to the beef, chicken, eggs, fish and other foodstuffs that grace our dining room tables. From the corn refining (wet milling) process comes protein, fiber, FOREWORD minerals and vitamins to feed the cattle, fish, hogs and poultry that enrich our diets. Corn wet milling feed products are an abundant source of protein and energy. About 14 million tons, roughly 25 to 30 percent of the corn used by the corn refining industry goes into feed products. The remarkable growth of the corn refining industry has made increasing quantities of high quality animal feed ingredients avail- able to U.S. and world markets. Along with this growth has come the need for updated information about the use of corn wet milled feed ingredients in animal rations. Members of the Corn Refiners Association, government agencies, universities and private institu- tions all contribute to the vast resources of nutritional information necessary to develop the most nutritionally efficient and economi- cally beneficial rations. The Corn Refiners Association hopes that all those concerned with feed formulation and animal nutrition will find this booklet informa- tive and useful in their day to day work. It describes briefly the pro- cess yielding the important ingredients coming from corn refining, reviews their special properties, presents compositional data neces- sary for using them in ration formulation and discusses use of the products in feeding various classes of animals. While we hope that the information provided is valuable, readers should understand that the feed industry is constantly changing. Researchers are continually discovering new uses for corn derived products, furthering the knowledge of animal feeding requirements and applying their dis- coveries to the nutritional needs of the world's population. Audrae Erickson President Corn Refiners Association Readers are advised that the information and suggestions contained herein are general in nature and that specific technical questions should be referred to the Association or member companies. Ques- tions concerning the price and/or availability of products described should be directed to individual Association members. 3 Corn (Zea mays) is grown in Approximately 2.9 billion every state: It is truly an bushels are converted to American crop. The United sweeteners, starch, flour, States has had an average cereal, liquor, animal feeds, annual corn production of vegetable oils, alcohol for THE CORN CROP 10.3 billion bushels for the fuel and hundreds of other years 2001 through 2005. To products. comprehend this amount of corn, imagine that all the This portion of the crop is corn was loaded onto rail processed by three major cars linked end to end. A industries: corn refiners, single train loaded with the who produce starches, sweet- average corn crop would eners, ethanol, feed ingredi- more than encircle the ents, corn oil, organic acids, globe. Another way to envi- amino acids and polyols; dry sion this quantity of corn is millers, who produce flaking to realize that if the average grits, snack grits, corn meals corn crop was divided and corn flours; and distill- equally among all Ameri- ers, who produce beverage cans, every man, woman and and industrial alcohol. The child would receive over 34 largest of these industries, bushels—a bushel equals 56 corn refiners, uses approxi- pounds. mately 15 percent of annual corn production. Each of Corn is a very versatile grain these industries also supplies that benefits mankind in feed ingredients. These corn many ways. Each year, 6 derived feed ingredients billion bushels of corn are consist primarily of the por- used as feed for cattle, hogs tions of corn remaining after and poultry in the United extraction of primary prod- States. Another 2 billion ucts such as starch, flour and bushels are exported, which grits. Different manufactur- is an integral part of this ing processes are used by country's balance of trade. each of these industries. 4 Corn kernels have three iature plant made up of a main parts, the seed coat or root like portion and five or pericarp, the starchy en- six embryonic leaves. In dosperm, and the embryo, addition, there are present commonly called the germ large quantities of high en- (Figure 1). ergy oil to feed the tiny plant THE CORN when it starts to grow, as The pericarp is the outer well as many substances KERNEL skin or hull of the kernel required during germination which serves to protect the and early development. seed. The endosperm, the main energy reserve, makes up about 80 percent of the Starch total weight of the kernel. It is about 90 percent starch and 7 percent gluten (pro- tein), with the remainder consisting of small amounts Endosperm Hull and of oil, minerals and some Starch Fiber trace constituents. and Gluten Germ Typical composition of corn Figure 1. grain is shown in Table 1. A Kernel of Corn. The embryo contains a min- Characteristic Range Average Table 1. Proximate Analysis of Moisture (% wet basis) 7 – 23 16.0 Yellow Dent Corn Starch (% dry basis) 61 – 78 71.7 Grain Protein (% dry basis) 6 – 12 9.5 Fat (% dry basis) 3.1 – 5.7 4.3 Ash (oxide) (% dry basis) 1.1 – 3.9 1.4 Pentosans (as xylose) (% dry basis) 5.8 – 6.6 6.2 Fiber (neutral detergent residue) (% dry basis) 8.3 – 11.9 9.5 Cellulose + Lignin 3.3 – 4.3 3.3 (acid detergent residue) (% dry basis) Sugars, Total (as glucose) (% dry basis) 1.0 – 3.0 2.6 Total Carotenoids (mg/kg) 12 – 36 26.0 Reprinted with permission form White, P.J., and Johnson, L.A., eds., 2003, Corn Chemistry and Technology, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN. 5 In the corn wet milling pro- steeping, the water is drained cess, (Figure 2), the kernel is from the kernels and concen- separated into its component trated in multiple effect parts, and those parts are evaporators to yield concen- then further subdivided and trated steepwater. This pro- THE CORN WET refined. tein rich extract may be used as a nutrient for microorgan- MILLING PROCESS The wet miller buys shelled isms in the production of corn which is delivered to enzymes, antibiotics and his plant by truck, barge or other fermentation products. rail car. Normally #2 grade The major portion, however, corn is purchased, based on is combined with fiber and U.S. Department of Agricul- gluten in the production of ture standards. The first step animal feed ingredients. in the process is to clean the grain to remove extraneous The softened corn kernels material such as pieces of next pass through