CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Information for Parks, Federal Agencies, Indian Tribes, States, Local Governments, |Ul and the Private Sector VOLUME 19 NO. 3 1996 Preservation in the Pacific Basin U.S. DEPARTMENT OFTHE INTERIOR National Park Service Cultural Resources PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 19 NO. 3 1996 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources Preservation in the Pacific Basin DIRECTOR Roger G. Kennedy ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Asia and the Pacific Honolulu's Chinatown 30 Katherine H. Stevenson A Big Area to Cover! 3 Gregory Yee Mark William Chapman EDITOR Japanese-American Cultural Resources Ronald M. Greenberg "The Future of Asia's Past"—An in Western Washington 33 International Conference on the Gail Lee Dubrow PRODUCTION MANAGER Preservation of Asia's Architectural Karlota M. Koester Heritage 6 Research, Education, and Cultural GUEST EDITOR Jennifer Malin Resource Management at William Chapman Angkor Borei, Cambodia 37 Jennifer Malin, Assistant Historic Preservation Programs and P. Bion Griffin the Community Miriam T. Stark ADVISORS The Example of HawaEi 7 David Andrews Judy Ledgerwood Editor, NPS Lowell Angell Joan Bacharach Rose Mary Ruhr Angkor Borei 38 Museum Registrar. NPS Randall I. Biallas Michael Dega Historical Architect, NPS Historic Preservation Training in Susan Buggey Micronesia The World Monuments Fund and Director, Historical Services Branch An Assessment of Needs 11 Parks Cartada Training at Angkor/University of John A. Bums William Chapman Phnom Penh 42 Architect NPS Delta Lightner John H. Stubbs Harry A. Butowsky Historian, NPS Pratt Cassity Learning from Levuka, Fiji— Valuing the Ordinary— Executive Director, Preservation in the First an Australian Perspective 45 National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Colonial Capital 15 Ken Taylor Muriel Crespi Cultural Anthropologist, NPS Gerald T. Takano Craig W. Davis The Burra Charter Archeologist, NPS Notes on Preservation at Work in Australia 49 Mark R. Edwards in Singapore 18 Peter C. James Director, Historic Preservation Division, State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia Robertson E. Collins John Hnedak War Remains—The Culture of Architectural Historian, NPS Heritage Conservation in Japan Preservation in the Roger E. Kelly Archeologist, NPS An Eyewitness View 19 Southwest Pacific 52 Antoinette J. Lee Chester H. Liebs Geoffrey M. White Historian, NPS John Poppeliers Heads or Tails? World War II Battlefields and International Liaison Officer for Cultural Resources, NPS The Preservation of Western-style National Parks in the Pacific 57 Brit Allan Storey Buildings in China 23 Jim Adams Historian, Bureau of Reclamation Federal Preservation Forum Jeff Cody Historic Military Properties CONTRIBUTING EDITORS In the Shadow of Skyscrapers— in the Pacific 62 Stephen A. Morris Hong Kong's Colonial Buildings Glenn Mason Certified Local Governments (CLG) Coordinator, NPS Await New Custodians 24 Kay D. Weeks Ann Yoklavich Technical Writer-Editor, NPS Jeff Cody CONSULTANTS Little Town in the Big City—Chinatown Michael G. Schene Historian, NPS in the First Port of Gold Mountain . .29 Wm. H. Freeman Christopher L. Yip Design, Imaging, Production-Freeman Publishing Services Cover.Wo Hing Society building, Lahaina, Maui, c. 1908-1910. Photo courtesy bishop Museum, RJ. Baker Collection. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advisors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles, news items, and correspondence to the Editor, CRM (2250), U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resources, P.O. Box 37127,Washington, DC 20013-7127; (202-343-3395, Fax 202-343-5260, Internet: [email protected]). 2 CRM N2 3—1996 William Chapman Asia and the Pacific A Big Area to Cover! his issue of CRM concentrates—if that could be the word for so com­ plex and vast a topic—on historic preservation and cultural resource along the west coast, have been tied in with Asia Wo Hing Society issueTs in the Asia-Pacific region. Extending from and the Pacific countries and islands. California, building, Lahaina, the west coasts of North, Central, and South Washington, and Oregon all have substantial his­ Maui,c. 1912. toric links to the region and populations that, per­ Quill and ink draw­ America across the Pacific and into China, Korea ing © by Ramsay. and Southeast Asia, enveloping in its scope the haps more than other states, reflect those Used with permis­ scattered islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and long-standing connections. Hawaf i, of course, is sion. Polynesia and the countries of Japan, New at the center of the region, although with the intro­ Zealand, and continental Australia, the Asia- duction of long-range commercial aircraft over the Pacific region has been held up for some time as past 20 years, the state's central position is more the predicted center of action for the next cen­ symbolic than efficacious. tury. Still, the majority of U.S. citizens have been The economies of all of the countries in the slow to appreciate the significance of the shift in region are definitely on the upswing. Japan, of power and influence to the Pacific Region. Efforts course, is now a long-recognized powerhouse in of the Clinton Administration to push the U.S. into the region, despite more recent and much-publi­ the center of economic agreements and coopera­ cized setbacks. Korea is following close behind. Expansion and economic growth in countries such as Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia have Angkor Wat, only been dramatic—a part one of 43 major of what has been monuments within termed the "Asian the Angkor Historic City in northern Miracle." Thailand's Cambodia. Photo by economy grows at an the author. estimated 8.5% a year, Indonesia's at 7.0%, and Singapore's at 10% (real GDP). Gargantuan China looms increasingly into the picture. With its population of 1.2 bil­ lion, its immense resources, and the renaissance of tion in the region, such as the Asia Pacific major trading centers such as Shanghai—as well Economic Cooperation Agreement (APEC), have as the absorption of Hong Kong, an eventuality failed to capture the attention of most Americans. which takes place in 1997—China promises to As reflected in the distribution of our foreign aid, dominate the region in one way or the other before the coverage in the press and television, Asia and long. the Pacific are still thought of as far off, and in The United States is in many ways at the many ways irrelevant places; the focus remains— periphery of this rapidly changing area—an area often frustratingly for those of us in the Pacific referred to as the Pacific Basin. Of course, for and with ties to Asia—clearly on Europe and the many years the U.S., and particularly the states Mediterranean. The dissolution of Yugoslavia and CRM N2 3—1996 3 the subsequent turmoil and fighting there captures lenged, as Lester Borley, Secretary General of considerable press; continuing political problems in Europa Nostra, pointed out in discussions in Cambodia, Burma, and Korea are less noticed. The Chiang Mai, Thailand, as part of the Getty-spon­ focus of foreign aid shifted dramatically to Eastern sored conference on "The Future of Asia's Past" Europe in the mid-1980s, following the breakup of last January. Still, there are important points of the Soviet Union. Developing countries in Asia and divergence—at least perceived differences in the Pacific seem barely a trickle by comparison. assessments of what is significant and what is not Not surprisingly, Asia and the Pacific increas­ and what should be preserved or not—among the ingly have charted their own courses of develop­ many peoples and cultures of the region. Western ment and alignment. This has been as true for ideas of preservation will simply no longer be historic preservation interests as in other areas. accepted prima facie; other points of view will Japan has long been noted for its attention to "liv­ have to be taken into account as part of the ing treasures" as well as buildings and monuments. process. Pacific islanders have made the point for many This CPJVf means to take a stab at some of years that their interests lay in preserving their cul­ these issues and provide a preliminary forum for tures, not merely artifacts. Australia has energeti­ venting some of the more evident areas of conflict. cally promoted its own Burra Charter, to some Stressing Australia's increasingly influential per­ degree a counterpart to the famous Venice Charter, spective in the region, landscape architect and but in other ways a rallying cry for alternatives. National University of Australia professor Ken Traditional meeting A conference held in Hawaf i in 1992, Taylor discusses his country's efforts to preserve house (pebai),Yaf>, "Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific: the traditional landscape heritage of Australia and Federated States of give recognition to sacred sites and other places of Micronesia. Photo Conservation and Policy," sponsored by the Pacific by William ]. Area Travel Association (PATA), the Getty special interest to the Aboriginal population. Peter Murtagh. Conservation Institute, US/ICOMOS, and the James, Chairman of Australia ICOMOS and a for­ mer instructor in the University of Hawaii's sum­ mer field school, provides some thoughts on the Burra Charter and its implications for the preser­ vation of both "native" and imported heritages. Focusing