PICH: The Impact of Urban Planning and Governance Reform on the Historic Built Environment and Intangible Cultural Heritage COUNTRY REPORT NETHERLANDS, LANDSCAPE HERITAGE: LEK ACCESS, NEW DUTCH WATERLINE Final report, 12 May 2018 Authors Azadeh Arjomand Kermani, Wout v/d Toorn Vrijthoff, Gerdy Verschuure-Stuip, Nicole Alewijn, Nikki Brand, Vincent Nadin Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment Delft University of Technology Table of Contents 0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 7 1. CASE STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Location and History ................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. New Dutch Waterline: ......................................................................................... 8 1.1.2. Lek Access: ........................................................................................................... 9 .......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.3. Werk aan het Spoel: ........................................................................................... 10 1.2. Challenges of the New Dutch Waterline ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. PLANNING REFORM: EVOLUTION OF GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING FOR THE HISTORIC LANDSCAPE .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.1. Evolution of policy 1945-2006 .................................................................................. 11 2.2. Evolution of policy 2007-2016 .................................................................................. 14 3. THE LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK IN 2016 AND BEYOND ........................................ 17 3.1. Policy themes and general goals ............................................................................... 17 3.1.1. The National level: ............................................................................................. 17 3.1.2. The regional level: .............................................................................................. 20 3.1.3. The local level: ................................................................................................... 21 3.2. The UNESCO nomination .......................................................................................... 22 3.3. Policy tools ................................................................................................................ 23 3.3.1. Regulation .......................................................................................................... 23 3.3.2. (financial) Incentives .......................................................................................... 23 3.3.3. Direct intervention ............................................................................................. 24 3.3.4. Communication and civic engagement ............................................................. 25 3.3.5. Knowledge gathering ......................................................................................... 25 3.3.6. Institutional innovation...................................................................................... 25 3.4. Future trajectory of policy ......................................................................................... 26 4. CHANGE IN THE HISTORIC LANDSCAPE OF THE NEW DUTCH WATERLINE ..................... 27 4.1. Physical change ......................................................................................................... 27 4.1.1. Physical change in Werk aan het Spoel ............................................................. 31 4.2. Changes in functions and activities ........................................................................... 33 4.2.1. Function change in Werk aan het Spoel ............................................................ 34 2 5. HOW PEOPLE EXPERIENCE WERK AAN HET SPOEL AND ITS TRANSFORMATION ........... 35 5.1. Citizen’s sense of place ............................................................................................. 35 5.2. Professionals’ place identity ..................................................................................... 41 6. THE MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE ..................................................................................... 41 6.1. The process of managing change .............................................................................. 41 6.2. The reasoning in consideration of managing change ............................................... 43 6.3. The vital contribution of volunteers ......................................................................... 45 7. CONCLUSION: the consequences of planning reform and physical change for tangible cultural heritage and sense of place ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 8. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix One: Panorama Krayenhoff – Fort Matrix ............................................................... 51 Appendix Two: Lek access ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix Three: Expert Interviews ......................................................................................... 72 List of Tables and Figures: Table 1 Chronology of cultural heritage policy development related to the historic landscape, including all levels of policy making. ........................................................................................ 17 Table 2 The core qualities, development perspectives and design guidelines for Lek-‘t Spoel inundation system, Lek access and Werk aan het spoel ......................................................... 20 Table 3. Summary of policy and action for management and planning of the Dutch Water Line (Lek access) ....................................................................................................................... 27 Figure Front page Werk aan het Spoel. Source: Rietveld Architects. (n.d.). Werk aan het Spoel. Retrieved from https://forten.nl/forten/werk-aan-het-spoel/ Figure 1 The location of New Dutch waterline, Lek access and Werk aan het Spoel in the Netherlands. Source: Rietveld Architecture-Art-Affordances (Raaaf). (n.d.). Fort Werk aan 't Spoel. Retrieved from http://www.raaaf.nl/nl/projects/72_fort_werk_aan_t_spoel/280 ....... 7 Figure 2 The location of New Dutch water line and its relation with other defensive structures. Source: Kunst Centraal en Landschap Erfgoed Utrecht. (n.d.). Les 1 Wat is de Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie. Retrieved from https://leerkrachten.kunstcentraal.nl/lesmateriaal/de-nieuwe-hollandse-waterlinie-in-je- buurt-stichtse-vecht/les-1-wat-is-de-nieuwe-hollandse-waterlinie-nhw-stichtse-vecht/ .......... 8 Figure 3 The structure of the New Dutch waterline, its major defence buildings and forts. Source: Bommelerwaardgids. (n.d.). Fortenmaand. Retrieved from https://www.bommelerwaardgids.nl/streekinfo/thema/de-nieuwe-hollandse-waterlinie-in- 10-vragen/ ....................................................................................................................................... 9 3 Figure 4 The components of Lek access and its relation with the river Lek .............................. 10 Figure 5 The aerial photo of the Werk aan het Spoel and its position in the landscape. Source: Liniebureau Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie. (n.d.). Luchtfoto's. Retrieved from https://www.hollandsewaterlinie.nl/bibliotheek/beeldbank/luchtfotos/.............................. 9 Figure 6 Three main layers of the New Dutch water line, including the zoning plan, the underlying landscape layer and the military structures. Source: Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie - Pact van Loevestein. (2015). Kernkwaliteiten Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie (handboek voor beschermen én ontwikkelen). Retrieved from https://www.hollandsewaterlinie.nl/download/kernkwaliteiten-nhw-nationaal-landschap-2/. ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 7 The defence line is also very well connected to the landscape and represents the contrast between the urbanised and dense west side and the open, quiet and green east side. Source: Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie - Pact van Loevestein. (2015). Kernkwaliteiten Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie (handboek voor beschermen én ontwikkelen). Retrieved from https://www.hollandsewaterlinie.nl/download/kernkwaliteiten-nhw-nationaal-landschap- 2/................................................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 8. A good example of private sector participation ‘in line’ with the principle “conservation by development” is the opening of the brewery for special beers in Fort Everdingen on the 13th of October 2017. Source: Stichting Liniebreed Ondernemen. (n.d.). Fort Everdingen. Retrieved from https://forten.nl/forten/fort-everdingen/ & Duits & Lauret. (n.d.). Fort Everdingen. Retrieved from https://forten.nl/forten/fort-everdingen/ ................ 24 Figure 9. The forbidden