IUCN and TRAFFIC Analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at the 18TH MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Geneva, Switzerland, 17th – 28th August, 2019 ANALYSES IUCN/TRAFFIC analyses of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices at the 18TH MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Geneva, Switzerland 17th – 28th August, 2019 Prepared by IUCN Global Species Programme and Species Survival Commission and TRAFFIC Production of the 2019 IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices was made possible through the support of: • The European Union • Canada -– Environment and Climate Change Canada • Finland – Ministry of the Environment • France – Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition • Germany – Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) • Monaco – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation • Netherlands – Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality • New Zealand – Department of Conservation • Spain – Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism • Switzerland – Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Federal Department of Home Affairs • WWF International. This publication does not necessarily reflect the views of any of the project’s donors. IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. IUCN is a membership Union composed of both government and civil society organisations. It harnesses the experience, resources and reach of its more than 1,300 Member organisations and the input of more than 13,000 experts. The IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), the largest of IUCN’s six commissions, has over 8,000 species experts recruited through its network of over 150 groups (Specialist Groups, Task Forces and groups focusing solely on Red List assessments). Biodiversity loss is one of the world’s most pressing crises, with many species’ populations declining to critical levels. SSC is dedicated to halting this decline in biodiversity and to provide an unmatched source of information and advice to influence conservation outcomes, as well as contribute to international conventions and agreements dealing with biodiversity conservation. TRAFFIC is a non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. TRAFFIC plays a unique and leading role as a global wildlife trade specialist, with a team of 150 staff around the world carrying out research, investigations and analysis to compile the evidence needed to catalyse action by governments, businesses and individuals, in collaboration with a wide range of partners, to help ensure that wildlife trade is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Citation: IUCN and TRAFFIC (2019). IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals to Amend the CITES Appendices. Prepared by IUCN Global Species Programme and TRAFFIC for the Eighteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES. IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. The designations of geographical entities in this document and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or TRAFFIC concerning the legal status of any country or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. i FOREWORD CITES is an international agreement between governments which aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. It originated from a resolution adopted at the 1963 IUCN Members’ Assembly and entered into force on 1 July 1975. To ensure that CITES is effective in achieving this aim, decisions taken by the Parties to CITES need to be based on the best available scientific and technical information. This is particularly the case when deciding whether or not to include species in the CITES Appendices, transfer species between Appendix I and II, or remove them from the Appendices altogether. To assist Parties in ensuring that such decisions are evidence-based, IUCN and TRAFFIC undertake technical reviews of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices for each of the Conference of the Parties (CoPs). It is with great pleasure that we now produce the Analyses of the Proposals for CITES CoP18, which will take place in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in 2019. We would like to thank the team in TRAFFIC and IUCN for producing such a complex and helpful document in a very short time. Information on the status and biology of species was collected from IUCN’s Species Survival Commission Specialist Group network and the broader scientific community, and used to evaluate the proposals and the information provided by proponents against the CITES listing criteria. TRAFFIC has drawn on its own expert networks and information sources on trade. The resulting document brings together a broad range of expertise, which we are confident will be of assistance to the Parties in their consideration of the proposals. For the first time, the Analyses for CoP18 not only provide an assessment of whether or not each proposal meets the criteria specified by CITES, but also summarises any additional considerations that may be relevant to the decision on whether or not to adopt the proposal. These include, for example, any potential implementation challenges, benefits or risks that may be associated with the adoption of the proposal. With unsustainable and illegal trade driving declines in many wild species (biological resource use generally is a threat to 10,647 species assessed as threatened on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species), and the collective under-performance of governments, business and civil society to halt the global decline in biodiversity, CITES has a key role to play in the next decade. Wise, evidence-based decisions that are true to the Convention’s aim of ensuring that international trade is not a threat to wild species, will be needed alongside the contributions of other sectors to deliver a post-2020 decade that halts species extinctions, slows declines and promotes recovery. Dr. Jon Paul Rodríguez Dr. Thomas Brooks Chair, IUCN Species Survival Commission Chief Scientist, IUCN ii INTRODUCTION CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) was opened for signature in Washington DC on 3rd March 1973, and to date has 183 Parties from across the world. If CITES is to remain a credible instrument for conserving species affected by trade, the decisions of the Parties must be based on the best available scientific and technical information. Recognizing this, IUCN and TRAFFIC have undertaken technical reviews of the proposals to amend the CITES Appendices submitted to the Eighteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP18). The Analyses - as these technical reviews are known - aim to provide as objective an assessment as possible of each amendment proposal against the requirements of the Convention, as agreed by Parties and laid out in the listing criteria elaborated in Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP17) and other relevant Resolutions and Decisions. To ensure the Analyses are as accessible as possible to all Parties, we have created a bespoke webpage where the Analyses can be downloaded individually by proposal or in full (see https://citesanalyses.iucn.org/). For each of The Analyses, a “Summary” section presents a synthesis of available information taken from each proposal’s Supporting Statement and other sources, and a separate “Analysis” paragraph provides an assessment of whether or not the proposal is considered to meet the pertinent criteria in Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP17) or other relevant CITES Resolutions and Decisions. In response to feedback from Parties, for the first time, an additional paragraph is included for certain proposals to summarise any “Additional considerations” that may be relevant to the decision on whether or not to adopt the proposal (for example, implementation challenges and potential risks/benefits for the conservation of the species concerned). Information used to compile the “Summary”, “Analysis” and “Additional considerations” is provided in the “Summary of available information” section. Only information from sources other than the Supporting Statement is referenced in this section, and for brevity, these references are not repeated in the “Summary”, “Analysis” or “Additional considerations” sections. To evaluate the proposals against the CITES listing criteria, information on the status and biology of species has been collected from IUCN’s Species Survival Commission Specialist Group network and the broader scientific community, and TRAFFIC has drawn on its own expert network and information sources to determine the nature and scale of any trade. Although draft versions of the “Summary”, “Analysis” and “Additional considerations” sections were shared with relevant experts for review, the conclusions drawn do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the reviewers. The Analyses aim to highlight relevant information on which the Parties can base their decisions, and are not to be considered exhaustive. There may be omissions and differences of interpretation in a document compiled on a wide range of species, particularly with such a high number of proposals to consider within the allotted timeframe and under a limited budget. We have nevertheless tried to ensure that the document is factual