DOCTORAL DISSERTATION A Study on Population Growth and the Effect on the Urban Area in Indonesia September, 2019 Ida Bagus Ilham Malik GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEWANCKER BART LAB THE UNIVERSITY OF KITAKYUSHU, JAPAN LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Indonesia Context on This Study ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Population Growth ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Indonesia as an Archipelago ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Distribution of Population Density in Indonesia ........................................................................ 5 1.2.4 City Population Proportion ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Research Question ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.4 Purpose of Research ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Contribution ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Research Flowchart ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Population Growth .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Population Density .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Population Structure ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Urban Fabric .................................................................................................................................... 24 2.5 Land Use Change ............................................................................................................................. 25 2.6 Population Distribution ................................................................................................................... 27 2.7 Summary of All Reference Discussions ........................................................................................... 29 2.8 The Difference With This Study ...................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3 – METHOD OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Investigation period ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.3 Research limitation ......................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 City criteria ............................................................................................................................... 38 3.3.2 List of cities in Indonesia .......................................................................................................... 38 3.3.3 How to choose several cities as research objects .................................................................... 40 3.3.4 Distribution of cities on several islands ................................................................................... 40 3.3.5 Plotting a city location on the map of the Indonesian archipelago ......................................... 40 3.3.6 The form of city ........................................................................................................................ 43 3.4 Analytical method ........................................................................................................................... 43 3.5 Closing remark ................................................................................................................................ 45 i CHAPTER 4 – THE ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GROWTH ...................................................................... 47 4.1 Population change .......................................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Population growth .......................................................................................................................... 48 4.2.1 Population growth in all cities ................................................................................................. 48 4.2.2 Population 1980 and 2010 on the map ................................................................................... 50 4.2.3 Population increase ................................................................................................................. 51 4.2.4 Population increase group ....................................................................................................... 51 4.2.5 The influence of population on base year ............................................................................... 53 4.3 The city size ..................................................................................................................................... 54 4.4 City size and population growth ..................................................................................................... 55 4.4.1 Population growth in percent .................................................................................................. 56 4.4.2 Population growth in units of people ...................................................................................... 57 4.4.3 City size group based on population increase (people) ........................................................... 59 4.4.4 Effect of city size on population growth .................................................................................. 61 4.5 Overview of the district side ........................................................................................................... 62 4.5.1 Understanding the district ....................................................................................................... 62 4.5.2 A number of districts in each city ............................................................................................ 63 4.5.3 Population in each district ....................................................................................................... 64 4.5.4 Population growth in each district by size ............................................................................... 67 4.6 The correlation of population growth and city size ........................................................................ 70 4.7 Factors of fertility and migration in population growth ................................................................. 71 4.8 Compare the other cities to Bandar Lampung ................................................................................ 73 4.8.1 Comparison of population ....................................................................................................... 73 4.8.2 Comparison of population growth ........................................................................................... 74 4.8.3 Comparison of population increase (people) .......................................................................... 75 4.8.4 Comparison of city size ............................................................................................................ 75 4.8.5 The influences of other factors ................................................................................................ 76 4.8.5.1 Income per capita ............................................................................................................. 77 4.8.5.2 Worker salary standard ..................................................................................................... 77 4.9 Closing remarks ............................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 5 – THE ANALYSIS