Becoming Quite Colonial: The Archaeology of the Ruapekapeka Campaign A Research Strategy Jonathan Carpenter Version 1.3 26 July 2012 2 – Ruapekapeka Campaign Archaeological Project. Research Strategy Version 1.2 Revision Date Comments 0.9 28 October Forwarded to ANU for PhD application. 2012 1.0 7 May 2012 Forwarded to the RPMT for consultation. 1.1 21 June 2012 Added cover page, and frontispiece with revisions and contents; expanded Section 3.0 Implementation including developing stages of investigation, Section 5.0 Research Outputs, Section 6.0 Personnel; added appendix for site records. Forwarded to DOC for permit application. 1.2 19 July 2012 Expanded Section 3.0 including stages of investigation and references for battlefield archaeology. Forwarded to HPT for authority application. 1.3 26 July 2012 Revised Section 1.0 and 2.0; added material from British camps report. Cover Image: Ruapekapeka, 1846. NZ. Painting by John Williams, 58th Regiment. File ref.: C:\Users\Jono\Documents\PhD\Research_Strategies\20120621_Research Strategy_V1.2.docx 3 – Ruapekapeka Campaign Archaeological Project. Research Strategy Version 1.2 Contents_Toc330562475 Research Strategy ................................................................................................................................... 1 Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Location ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 History ........................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Sources ........................................................................................................................................ 11 3.0 Research Proposal ........................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Implementation .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Consultation, Permits and Authorities ................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 Fieldwork .............................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.3 Stage 1 - Archaeological investigation of the British and allied Maori positions ................ 20 3.2.4 Stage 2 - Battlefield Archaeology Survey ............................................................................. 21 3.2.5 Stage 3 - Identification and testing of other Ruapekapeka Campaign sites ........................ 22 4.0 Recording and Processing Methodology ........................................................................................ 25 4.1 Feature Recording ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Expected Features ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.3 Finds Processing .......................................................................................................................... 26 4.4 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 26 4.5 Curation....................................................................................................................................... 26 5.0 Research Outputs, Reporting and Communications ....................................................................... 26 6.0 Personnel and Funding ................................................................................................................... 26 6.1 Principal Investigator and Support/Supervision ......................................................................... 26 6.2 Funding ....................................................................................................................................... 27 7.0 Timeframe ....................................................................................................................................... 27 8.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix A – Site Record Forms ........................................................................................................... 30 File ref.: C:\Users\Jono\Documents\PhD\Research_Strategies\20120621_Research Strategy_V1.2.docx 4 – Ruapekapeka Campaign Archaeological Project. Research Strategy Version 1.2 Figures Figure 1: Ruapekapeka Pa and battlefield. ........................................................................................... 10 Figure 2: Plan of Kawiti’s Pah, New Zealand, showing British and Maori positions (bottom of image; K is the military (army) camp, L is the navy camp, G is Waka Nene’s stockade, N is a whare occupied by East India Company midshipmen). Illustrated London News Vol. 9 1846. ........................................... 12 Figure 3: Ruapekapeka. Taken on 11 January 1846. Painting by George Hyde Park, 58th Regiment showing features of the British and Maori camps. ............................................................................... 12 Figure 4: Ruapekapeka. Taken on 11 January 1846. Painting by George Hyde Park, 58th Regiment. .. 13 Figure 5: Ruapekapeka. NZ. Painting by John Williams, 58th Regiment. ............................................... 13 Figure 6: Ruapekapeka. The bombardment, 1846. Painting by Cyprian Bridge or John Williams, 58th Regiment. .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 7: Ruapekapeka. NZ. Painting by John Williams, 58th Regiment. ............................................... 14 Figure 8: The Pah at Ruapekapeka in Flames - From the 32 pdr Stockade. 12 Jany 1846. Painting by Cyprian Bridge, 58th Regiment. ............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 9: Nops campaign map of 1846, showing British and Maori positions in the southern Bay of Islands. .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 10: British camp and the approximate location of features identified in primary sources. ...... 16 Figure 11: Ruapekapeka Pa and Battlefield from the air. ..................................................................... 16 Figure 12: Geophysical anomalies in the vicinity of the main British camp (Geometria 2007). ........... 23 Figure 13: Potential investigation areas at the main British camp. ...................................................... 24 Tables Table 1: Stages of investigation and Section 18 HPA authority applications. ...................................... 20 File ref.: C:\Users\Jono\Documents\PhD\Research_Strategies\20120621_Research Strategy_V1.2.docx 5 – Ruapekapeka Campaign Archaeological Project. Research Strategy Version 1.2 1.0 Introduction In late December 1846, British forces and allied Maori established several positions facing Ruapekapeka Pa near Kawakawa in the southern Bay of Islands. These positions were established in advance of the attack on the fortification constructed by Te Ruki Kawiti and his allies in the preceding months. The battle at Ruapekapeka, which culminated in a fierce skirmish behind the pa before the British secured the position on 11 January 1846. It would be the final engagement of the first of the New Zealand Wars1, which began with Hone Heke’s fourth assault on the flagstaff at Kororareka and the subsequent razing of Kororareka/Russell on 11 March 1845. The British forces deployed in the campaign numbered approximately 1200 men including British Army regulars of the 58th, and 99th Regiments, marines of the Royal Navy and East India Company and a small settler militia largely made of volunteers from Auckland but including several African Americans who had presumably arrived on whaling ships putting in to the Bay of Islands. The Maori allies numbered around 400 and came from a number of different iwi/hapu from across Taitokerau or Northland, under the putative command of Chief Tamati Waka Nene. A similar number of Maori fought under Kawiti and his ally Hone Heke, who arrived to reinforce Ruapekapeka shortly before the pa was breached. The main British encampment was located on a ridge approximately 1600 metres north of the pa, and facing it over a steep gully. Two smaller artillery positions were progressively established between