1. 2. Figures 1-2. Examples of ESEM images of metal incorporated mandibles. Fig. 1: Deretaphrus interruptus head, ventral; Fig. 2: Deretaphrus piceus head, anterior. 465 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Figures 3-10. Mandibles with incorporated metals. Fig. 3: Ambrosiodmus leconti rt. dorsal; Fig. 4: Ips grandicollis rt. dorsal; Fig. 5: Scolytus muticus rt. dorsal; Fig. 6: Myoplatypus flavicornis rt. dorsal; Fig. 7: Thanasimus dubius rt. dorsal; Fig. 8: Thanasimus dubius left ventral; Fig. 9: Stegobium paniceum rt. dorsal; Fig. 10: Stegobium paniceum left ventral. 466 1 30 2 14 31 32 3 15 33 26 27 28 29 4 34 16 35 17 36 38 5 37 39 40 18 6 41 42 43 19 44 45 7 46 85 47 48 49 51 50 52 8 20 53 55 54 56 57 58 59 2 60 2 61 9 62 63 67 69 21 68 70 24 71 72 25 74 10 73 75 23 76 77 11 22 78 79 12 80 13 84 81 82 83 Figure 11. Consensus Bayesian topology of trees sampled from the posterior distribution (at stationarity) of 86 representative taxa from Hunt et al. 2007. The values above nodes indicate posterior probabilities. The values below nodes indicate clade number (refer to Table 2 for ancestral state reconstruction likelihood values for each node). 467 CHRYSOPIDAE Chrysoperla carnea SIALIDAE Sialis lutaria RAPHIDIIDAE Phaeostigma notata Priacma serrata ARCHOSTEMATA ARCHOSTEMATA Hydroscapha natans MYXOPHAGA MYXOPHAGA Gyrinus sp. Macrogyrus sp. GYRINIDAE Patrus sp. Dytiscus sp. DYTISCIDAE HYDRADEPHAGA Hydroporus sp. Haliplus sp. HALIPLIDAE Euryderus grossus Clinidium sp. CARABIDAE Megacephala carolina GEADEPHAGA Cicindela sp. Derodontus esotericus DERODONTIDAE DERODONTOIDEA Eucinetus morio EUCINETIDAE SCIRTOIDEA Neoheterocerus sp. HETEROCERIDAE DRYOPOIDEA Agrilus bilineatus BUPRESTIDAE BUPRESTOIDEA Helichus sp. DRYOPIDAE Ectopria sp. PSEPHENIDAE DRYOPOIDEA Isorhipis obliqua EUCNEMIDAE ELATEROIDEA Phengodes plumosa PHENGODIDAE Anorus piceus DASCILLIDAE DASCILLOIDEA Platysoma sp. HISTERIDAE HISTEROIDEA Dermestes maculatus DERMESTIDAE DERMESTOIDEA Nicrophorus sp. nr. americanus SILPHIDAE STAPHYLINIOIDEA Hydrophilus sp. HYDROPHILIDAE HYDROPHILOIDEA Leptochirus sp. STAPHYLINIDAE STAPHYLINIOIDEA Odontotaenius disjunctus PASSALIDAE SCARABAEOIDEA Anthrenus verbasci DERMESTIDAE DERMESTOIDEA Dinoderus japonicus BOSTRICHIDAE Ptinus clavipes Stegobium paniceum Hemicoelus carinatus PTINIDAE BOSTRICHOIDEA Tricorynus confusus Calymmaderus nitidus Lasioderma serricorne Deretaphrus puncticollis BOTHRIDERIDAE Rodolia cardinalis Epilachna varivestris COCCINELLIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Psyllobora vigintimaculata Coleomegilla maculata TROGOSSITIDAE Tenebroides mauritanicus CLEROIDEA Enoclerus ichneumoneus CLERIDAE Necrobia rufipes Macrosiagon sp. RHIPIPHORIDAE Mordella sp. MORDELLIDAE TENEBRIONOIDEA Meloe dianella MELOIDAE Atractocerus sp. LYMEXYLIDAE LYMEXYLOIDEA Nacerdes hilleri OEDEMERIDAE Monomma sp. ZOPHERIDAE Zopherus concolor MYCETOPHAGIDAE Typhaea stercorea TENEBRIONOIDEA Bolitotherus cornutus TENEBRIONIDAE Ceracis thoracicornis CIIDAE Eleodes carbonarius TENEBRIONIDAE Neomida sp. nr. bicornis Oryzaephilus surinamensis SILVANIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Cucujus clavipes CUCUJIDAE Dorcadion sulcipenne Oncideres cingulata CERAMBYCIDAE Hylotrupes bajulus CHRYSOMELOIDEA Enaphalodes rufulus Caryobruchus gleditsiae CHRYSOMELIDAE Pharaxonotha zamia EROTYLIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Leptinotarsa decimlineata CHRYSOMELIDAE CHRYSOMELOIDEA Prometopia sexmaculata Lobiopa falli NITIDULIDAE Pityophagus rufipennis CUCUJOIDEA, part Aphenolia monogama Sphindus americanus SPHINDIDAE Araecerus fasiculatus Euparius marmoreus ANTHRIBIDAE Ips grandicollis Orthotomicus caelatus Xyleborinus saxeseni Xyleborus californicus Xylosandrus germanus Dendroctonus terebrans CURCULIONIDAE CURCULIONOIDEA Hylastes porculus Cryptorhynchus lapathi 0 = no metals present Curculio caryae Scolytus muticus 1 = metals present Gnathotrichus materiarius Myoplatypus flavicornis Figure 12. Consensus Bayesian topology of trees sampled from the posterior distribution (at stationarity) of 86 taxa from Hunt et al. 2007. Taxa names have been substituted with taxonomic representatives from metals analysis. Parsimony ancestral state reconstruction of presence/absence of mandibular metals (unordered, 13 steps). 468 CHRYSOPIDAE Chrysoperla carnea SIALIDAE Sialis lutaria RAPHIDIIDAE Phaeostigma notata Priacma serrata ARCHOSTEMATA ARCHOSTEMATA Hydroscapha natans MYXOPHAGA MYXOPHAGA Gyrinus sp. Macrogyrus sp. GYRINIDAE Patrus sp. Dytiscus sp. DYTISCIDAE HYDRADEPHAGA Hydroporus sp. Haliplus sp. HALIPLIDAE Euryderus grossus Clinidium sp. CARABIDAE Megacephala carolina GEADEPHAGA Cicindela sp. Derodontus esotericus DERODONTIDAE DERODONTOIDEA Eucinetus morio EUCINETIDAE SCIRTOIDEA Neoheterocerus sp. HETEROCERIDAE DRYOPOIDEA Agrilus bilineatus BUPRESTIDAE BUPRESTOIDEA Helichus sp. DRYOPIDAE Ectopria sp. PSEPHENIDAE DRYOPOIDEA Isorhipis obliqua EUCNEMIDAE ELATEROIDEA Phengodes plumosa PHENGODIDAE Anorus piceus DASCILLIDAE DASCILLOIDEA Platysoma sp. HISTERIDAE HISTEROIDEA Dermestes maculatus DERMESTIDAE DERMESTOIDEA Nicrophorus sp. nr. americanus SILPHIDAE STAPHYLINIOIDEA Hydrophilus sp. HYDROPHILIDAE HYDROPHILOIDEA Leptochirus sp. STAPHYLINIDAE STAPHYLINIOIDEA Odontotaenius disjunctus PASSALIDAE SCARABAEOIDEA Anthrenus verbasci DERMESTIDAE DERMESTOIDEA Dinoderus japonicus BOSTRICHIDAE Ptinus clavipes Stegobium paniceum PTINIDAE Hemicoelus carinatus BOSTRICHOIDEA Tricorynus confusus Calymmaderus nitidus Lasioderma serricorne Deretaphrus puncticollis BOTHRIDERIDAE Rodolia cardinalis Epilachna varivestris COCCINELLIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Psyllobora vigintimaculata Coleomegilla maculata TROGOSSITIDAE Tenebroides mauritanicus CLEROIDEA Enoclerus ichneumoneus CLERIDAE Necrobia rufipes Macrosiagon sp. RHIPIPHORIDAE Mordella sp. MORDELLIDAE TENEBRIONOIDEA Meloe dianella MELOIDAE Atractocerus sp. LYMEXYLIDAE LYMEXYLOIDEA Nacerdes hilleri OEDEMERIDAE Monomma sp. ZOPHERIDAE Zopherus concolor MYCETOPHAGIDAE Typhaea stercorea TENEBRIONOIDEA Bolitotherus cornutus TENEBRIONIDAE Ceracis thoracicornis 0 = no metals present CIIDAE Eleodes carbonarius TENEBRIONIDAE 1 = metals present Neomida sp. nr. bicornis Oryzaephilus surinamensis SILVANIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Cucujus clavipes CUCUJIDAE Dorcadion sulcipenne Oncideres cingulata CERAMBYCIDAE Hylotrupes bajulus CHRYSOMELOIDEA Enaphalodes rufulus Caryobruchus gleditsiae CHRYSOMELIDAE Pharaxonotha zamia EROTYLIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Leptinotarsa decimlineata CHRYSOMELIDAE CHRYSOMELOIDEA Prometopia sexmaculata Lobiopa falli NITIDULIDAE Pityophagus rufipennis CUCUJOIDEA, part Aphenolia monogama Sphindus americanus SPHINDIDAE Araecerus fasiculatus Euparius marmoreus ANTHRIBIDAE Ips grandicollis Orthotomicus caelatus Xyleborinus saxeseni Xyleborus californicus Xylosandrus germanus Dendroctonus terebrans CURCULIONIDAE CURCULIONOIDEA Hylastes porculus Cryptorhynchus lapathi Curculio caryae Scolytus muticus Gnathotrichus materiarius Myoplatypus flavicornis Figure 13. Consensus Bayesian topology (-logL=43.5357) of trees sampled from the posterior distribution (at stationarity) of 86 taxa from Hunt et al. 2007. Taxa names have been substituted with taxonomic representatives from metals analysis. Likelihood ancestral state reconstruction of presence/absence of mandibular metals is displayed. Likelihoods reported as proportional (note: graphic of reconstruction not showing reconstruction proportional to the likelihoods). 469 CHRYSOPIDAE Chrysoperla carnea SIALIDAE Sialis lutaria RAPHIDIIDAE Phaeostigma notata Priacma serrata ARCHOSTEMATA ARCHOSTEMATA Hydroscapha natans MYXOPHAGA MYXOPHAGA Gyrinus sp. Macrogyrus sp. GYRINIDAE Patrus sp. Dytiscus sp. DYTISCIDAE HYDRADEPHAGA Hydroporus sp. Haliplus sp. HALIPLIDAE Euryderus grossus Clinidium sp. CARABIDAE Megacephala carolina GEADEPHAGA Cicindela sp. Derodontus esotericus DERODONTIDAE DERODONTOIDEA Eucinetus morio EUCINETIDAE SCIRTOIDEA Neoheterocerus sp. HETEROCERIDAE DRYOPOIDEA Agrilus bilineatus BUPRESTIDAE BUPRESTOIDEA Helichus sp. DRYOPIDAE Ectopria sp. PSEPHENIDAE DRYOPOIDEA Isorhipis obliqua EUCNEMIDAE ELATEROIDEA Phengodes plumosa PHENGODIDAE Anorus piceus DASCILLIDAE DASCILLOIDEA Platysoma sp. HISTERIDAE HISTEROIDEA Dermestes maculatus DERMESTIDAE DERMESTOIDEA Nicrophorus sp. nr. americanus SILPHIDAE STAPHYLINIOIDEA Hydrophilus sp. HYDROPHILIDAE HYDROPHILOIDEA Leptochirus sp. STAPHYLINIDAE STAPHYLINIOIDEA Odontotaenius disjunctus PASSALIDAE SCARABAEOIDEA Anthrenus verbasci DERMESTIDAE DERMESTOIDEA Dinoderus japonicus BOSTRICHIDAE Ptinus clavipes Stegobium paniceum Hemicoelus carinatus PTINIDAE BOSTRICHOIDEA Tricorynus confusus Calymmaderus nitidus Lasioderma serricorne Deretaphrus puncticollis BOTHRIDERIDAE Rodolia cardinalis Epilachna varivestris COCCINELLIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Psyllobora vigintimaculata Coleomegilla maculata TROGOSSITIDAE Tenebroides mauritanicus CLEROIDEA Enoclerus ichneumoneus CLERIDAE Necrobia rufipes Macrosiagon sp. RHIPIPHORIDAE Mordella sp. MORDELLIDAE TENEBRIONOIDEA Meloe dianella MELOIDAE Atractocerus sp. LYMEXYLIDAE LYMEXYLOIDEA Nacerdes hilleri OEDEMERIDAE Monomma sp. ZOPHERIDAE Zopherus concolor MYCETOPHAGIDAE Typhaea stercorea TENEBRIONOIDEA Bolitotherus cornutus TENEBRIONIDAE Ceracis thoracicornis CIIDAE Eleodes carbonarius TENEBRIONIDAE Neomida sp. nr. bicornis Oryzaephilus surinamensis SILVANIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Cucujus clavipes CUCUJIDAE Dorcadion sulcipenne Oncideres cingulata CERAMBYCIDAE Hylotrupes bajulus CHRYSOMELOIDEA Enaphalodes rufulus Caryobruchus gleditsiae CHRYSOMELIDAE Pharaxonotha zamia EROTYLIDAE CUCUJOIDEA, part Leptinotarsa decimlineata CHRYSOMELIDAE CHRYSOMELOIDEA Prometopia sexmaculata Lobiopa falli NITIDULIDAE