Antioch University AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses Dissertations & Theses 2015 A Mixed Methods Perspective: How Integral Leaders Can Contribute to the Growth of Emerging Leaders Susan M. Hayes Antioch University - PhD Program in Leadership and Change Follow this and additional works at: http://aura.antioch.edu/etds Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Developmental Psychology Commons, Industrial and Organizational Psychology Commons, Leadership Studies Commons, Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons, Nonprofit Administration and Management Commons, and the Organizational Behavior and Theory Commons Recommended Citation Hayes, Susan M., "A Mixed Methods Perspective: How Integral Leaders Can Contribute to the Growth of Emerging Leaders" (2015). Dissertations & Theses. 232. http://aura.antioch.edu/etds/232 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses at AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A MIXED METHODS PERSPECTIVE: HOW INTEGRAL LEADERS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF EMERGING LEADERS SUSAN M. HAYES A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership and Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July, 2015 This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled: A MIXED METHODS PERSPECTIVE: HOW INTEGRAL LEADERS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF EMERGING LEADERS prepared by Susan M. Hayes is approved in partial fulfillment of the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership and Change. Approved by: ________________________________________________________________________ Mitchell Kusy, Ph.D., Chair date ________________________________________________________________________ Carol Baron, Ph.D., Methodologist, Committee Member date ________________________________________________________________________ Ron Cacioppe, Ph.D., Committee Member date ________________________________________________________________________ Rica Viljoen, Ph.D., External Reader date Copyright 2015 Susan M. Hayes All rights reserved Acknowledgements I am an amalgamation of many people’s wisdom. As a child, my grandfather modeled how to treat other people and to genuinely care for seniors. His son, my father, taught me to anticipate other people’s needs and to be hospitable and help people feel comfortable around me. His daughter, my aunt, showed me how to take the time to make something beautiful and care about how you do things. My most favorite mentor, my uncle on my mother’s side taught me to see the people around me with compassionate eyes and reach out to make a difference in their lives. He taught me to just “be there” with someone, to let them know how much I care. My dear, dear, friend, taught me to live my values in everything I did. In my 30's I set the goal to get my Ph.D. without realizing then how many years it would take to accomplish the goal. I also did not realize how much support I would need to accomplish such a goal. Throughout my life, I am blessed with wonderful friends and family members who support and love me and gave me unconditional attention while I was getting my Ph.D. I am who I am today because of the love and support from my husband, Pat. He took care of all of the details around me so I could concentrate on my Ph.D. He regularly served me food and hot tea so I could keep working. Being a night owl, I worked well after he went to bed, so I had time to think and write. So in reality, this Ph.D. is his, as well. I am grateful Al Guskin took the time to create this Ph.D. program and decided to “do it differently” from all the other programs. He surrounded himself with brilliant people who wanted to create a Ph.D. program that blended the best practices as well as i enticed professors from all around the globe who wanted to impact higher education. He was my first advisor and his wisdom and advice to “stay in the moment” and not concentrate on what I would do after the program, created many opportunities that presented themselves throughout the program. I am grateful that Laurien Alexandre became the Director of the program and helped to create reflective, scholarly practitioners. I am so grateful to be part of Cohort 11 because I met incredible men and women and became dear friends with several in the group. I feel blessed as a result of these friendships. One member in particular, Dr. Debbie Bartoo I call my Wizard because she always had the answer when I asked a technical question. I am grateful for the support and guidance from Deb Baldwin, our private librarian because I feared I would not have made it without her. What an enriching experience it was to have all of the resources I needed available at any hour of the day or night. When I couldn't find something, there was always someone who could. Deb made this experience fun and doable. Jayne Alexander helped me make my work––picture perfect! I am grateful Mitch Kusy agreed to be my second advisor and dissertation chair. His advice and guidance were beneficial and his friendship meaningful and timely. My methodologist, Carol Baron was creative and offered different perspectives. My integral expert, Ron Cacioppe from Perth Australia, was thought-provoking and practical. He was creative and encouraging, and he gave me the courage to play with the theories as he asked difficult questions and explored new grounds. Rica Viljoen from South Africa, was my external reader, and she introduced me to looking at my work with a broader ii perspective and a deeper meaning. She recommended other dissertations that “fed my soul” when I read them. I am grateful that whenever I had a challenge that I knew I couldn’t solve, a friend stepped in and gave me the support I needed. And of course, I thank Lily and Leah, our cats who made my office beautiful with their continued presence. iii Abstract Given that organizational complexity continues to increase, leaders are looking for credible information, and a process that helps them become a better leader. Emerging leaders are faced with trying to be the best leader they can be while leading teams of people who think and act differently from them. To assist emerging leaders with their leadership, this study explores the literature and looks to highly respected and admired leaders for how they became the leader they are today. The purpose of this study was fourfold: first, to identify and describe first and second tier integral theory leaders from a sample of leader respondents from a U.S. Midwestern city; second, to describe how first and second tier integral theory leaders define leadership; third, to determine what second tier integral leaders see as leading to their becoming the leader they are today; and fourth, to identify the integral leader’s perspectives and advice that can be shared with emerging leaders. This study focused on the convergent space of three theories. The first theory is the field of adult development theory with transformational leadership, the constructive- developmental theories, and meaning making; the second is the field of integral theory with Wilber’s all quadrants, all levels (AQAL) theory, and first and second tier consciousness; and the last is the hero’s journey as described by Joseph Campbell, and the quest for truth. The (AQAL) framework was used in a mixed methods perspective to explore how people assessed as integral leaders defined leadership, developed into integral leaders, and how they can contribute to the growth of emerging leaders. This study was dual-phased: Phase 1 was a quantitative and qualitative survey completed by 624 leaders, and Phase 2 was a telephone interview with eight integral leaders. From the thematic analysis of all the data, four themes emerged: looking inward, looking outward, iv being a good leader and paying it forward by mentoring others. Implications for emerging leaders, leadership and change, and future research are discussed. This ETD is available in open access in OhioLink ETD, http://ohiolink.edu/Center and AURA http://aura.antioch.edu/ v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... i Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xvi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xix Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Three Major Areas of Interest ................................................................................................... 1 Wilber’s Integral Theory ..........................................................................................................