Best Practices of Circular Food Production and Consumption in Japan and Korea A Handbook for Local Governments ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ICLEI East Asia would like to acknowledge the support of the Seoul Metropolitan Government, the Hiroshima City Government, the Sapporo City Government, Professor Ryo Kohsaka, Korea Urban Farming Institute (Dr. Lee Chang Woo), Urban Farmers’ Association (Mr. Kim Jin Deok), Farm 8 (Mr. Kim Sung-Un), Ms. Burcu Tuncer, and Mr. Shu Zhu. ICLEI East Asia special thanks to the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Foundation for the grants support. CREDITS Authors: Yun (Yvonne) Yang, Hee Song Lee, Hyung Lim Suh, Togo Uchida, Yuko Hori Design and layout: Yun (Yvonne) Yang Contributor: Isabelle Ward, Yeajee Kim, Merlin Lao ABOUT ICLEI ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is a global network of more than 2,500 local and regional governments committed to sustainable urban development. Active in 125 countries, we influence sustainability policy and drive local action for low emission, nature-based, equitable, resilient and circular development. Our Members and team of experts work together through peer exchange, partnerships and capacity building to create systemic change for urban sustainability. This publication should be cited as “ICLEI (2021) Best Practices of Circular Food Production and Consumption in Japan and Korea: A Handbook for Local Governments.” Publisher ICLEI East Asia Secretariat 14F, Seoul Global Center Building 38 Jongno, Jongno-gu Seoul 03188 South Korea eastasia.iclei.org tel.: +82-2-3789-0496 e-mail: [email protected] ©2021 ICLEI East Asia Secretariat. All rights reserved. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 4 OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 5 SCOPE AND TARGET ........................................................................................................ 7 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 7 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 8 CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN FOOD SYSTEMS ........................................................... 9 WHY THE FOOD SYSTEM NEEDS CIRCULAR ECONOMY? ...............................................10 ICLEI’S CIRCULAR DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK ........................................................ 11 URBAN AGRICULTURE IN SEOUL CITY ................................................................... 12 URBAN AGRICULTURE AS A CIRCULAR ECONOMY APPROACH ................................... 13 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 14 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES ................................................................................... 15 BEST PRACTICES ................................................................................................................. 21 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ........................................................................... 23 FOOD LOSS REDUCTION IN HIROSHIMA CITY AND SAPPORO CITY ................. 26 REDUCING FOOD LOSS AS A CIRCULAR ECONOMY APPROACH ................................... 28 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 29 HIROSHIMA CITY - IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES .................................................... 34 SAPPORO CITY - IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES ........................................................ 39 BEST PRACTICES ................................................................................................................. 43 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ........................................................................... 45 KEY TAKE-WAYS ..................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Photo from Kate Hliznitsova on Unsplash INTRODUCTION Urbanization has profoundly changed food consumption patterns. Globally, urban dwellers consume up to 70% of the food supply. In the Asian and Pacific region, with more than 2.3 billion population living in cities1 and the ongoing expansion of urbanization, the demand for food and nutrition is increasing. On the other hand, nearly one-third of the food produced for human consumption is wasted and lost. In highly urbanized Asian countries such as Korea, 5.81 million tons of food was discarded in 20172. Another statics shows that in 2018, 15,680 tons of food was thrown away per day3. In Japan, the society generates 15 million tons of food loss and waste every year. This includes 6 million tons of food which can be eaten but eventually ends up being discarded4. Food accounts for 26% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including emissions related to land- use change, supply chain operation, fossil fuels used in logistics and embodied carbon dioxide of food packaging5 6. In Japan, approximately 16.9 million tons of GHG emissions are related to food imports, which is twice the emissions generated from local food delivery. With urbanization and the growth of the middle class in Asia, people are consuming more animal-source and processed food7. The most popular Korean food—ox bone soup (Seolleongtang)—has a high carbon footprint: A single-serve broth emits 10 kg GHG emissions. The current food system also leads to biodiversity loss, environmental degradation, and water pollution8. Most of the nitrogen components of artificial fertilizers flow into rivers and oceans. Crops absorb less than 50% of the components. The abundant nitrogen and phosphorus provide a nutrient-rich environment for algae, but excessive nutrients cause eutrophication and oxygen-deficient water9. The repeated use of machinery on soil leads to productivity decline and low crop yields10. Food systems require a transformation for sustainability. It is necessary to have a comprehensive and holistic view. The circular economy provides a new lens through which stakeholders can explore how food system connects people and ecology. 4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview In East Asia, transformation can be dated back to 1960-1970s, and it continues till today. Japan and Korea experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in the 1970s. When the urban and rural areas face profound changes of production and consumption patterns, the food system becomes one of the crucial domains where many social and environmental movements focus on. Japan In the late 1960-1970s, Japan adopted agriculture modernization and industrialization due to rapid economic growth11. Chemical additives were over-utilized and people experienced negative impacts12,13. The obsession of massive production widened the distance between consumers and producers, and it destroyed the balance between human and nature. Minamata disease and other industrial pollution amplified Japanese consumers’ awareness of the relationship between food safety, human health, and environment. Concerned consumers sought chemical- free food from trusted farmers and refused to massive-produced food grown with chemicals. Producers responded to the demand through direct delivery for milk and organic products. The partnership between producers and consumers were formed and driven by concerns about food safety. The “One Village One Product movement” was first initiated in the late 1970s in Japan. Each local government promotes one agricultural product, including indigenous, original and rare agriculture plants. The movement aimed to enable products which did not meet large market standards to become cash crops. Later, with the rising awareness of sustainable development in the agriculture sector and rural development and the Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas, the “Chisan-chisho movement” (local production and local consumption) was active in the 1990s and 2000s. The movement argued that local food production would restore the trust and safety of food, revitalize the local economy, reduce the ecological footprint, as well as rebuild Japanese tradition and culture. Food was given a significant role in environmental and socio- economic development for the first time. With the surging awareness of sustainable development and resource efficiency, since the 2000s, the word “Mottainai” has been embraced again in the Japanese society. It is a word used to express disappointment and regrets for the wastefulness. The government utilized the phrase in a national campaign for food loss reduction, advocating “bring back mottainai to food” and “the spirit of ‘Mottainai’ is Japanese culture that we are proud of”14. Since then, more citizens connected their daily food consumption behaviors with the concept. In a recent study published in 2019, it states that “when asking the participants about their overall thoughts about food waste, some of them answered concisely: ‘Mottainai’”15. As sustainability gradually went mainstream, the Japanese society became more aware of the ecological implication of food. Biodiversity-based agricultural practices protecting endangered species were promoted by local governments and Japan Agricultural Cooperatives for the mutually beneficial human-nature relationships16,17. The revival and protection of indigenous crops and vegetables were brought back to the food sector again. This time it was not for profit but more about sustainable