Economic significance of tourism and of major events: analysis, context and policy Calvin Jones ’ UMI Number: U206081 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U206081 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ca r d if f UNIVFRSITY PR I i YSG OF CA‘ RD W BINDING SERVICES Tel +44 (0)29 2087 4949 Fax +44 (0)29 20371921 e-mail [email protected] Sum m ary The papers presented in this Thesis focus upon the analysis of recreational and sporting activity as economic phenomena. They link the analysis of tourism and sport to wider public policy and economic development debates, applying economic analytical techniques to sport and leisure in a novel manner and charting the development of new tools which enhance our understanding of the economic contribution of these important activities. A number of the papers contained here focus on the extent to which sporting and leisure activity can further regional and national governments' aspirations for economic development, and at what cost. Two of the papers refine economic impact methodologies to better account for the impacts of discrete sporting and cultural events or facilities, using a high level of primary input data, and placing of the results firmly within the local economic development context. Meanwhile, other papers establish the complex socio-economic outcomes of major sporting events and examine their impact upon different sections of society. The most recent paper applies the precepts of the 'new economic geography7 to sporting activity to establish whether sport-related development and interactions are likely to fulfil the 'best-case' principles of this now widely accepted model of economic development. Several papers reference my contribution to the critical development of Tourism Satellite Accounting techniques in nations and regions, in order to measure the economic contribution of visitor activity in a consistent and comparable manner. Acknowledgements Thanks to: JB, MM, AR for advice, reading duties, general witticisms and patience as long as your arm. My constructive and sympathetic examiners, Prof. Steve Wanhill and Prof Chris Gratton, and supervisor Keith Whitfield And most importantly, to Josephine, without whom this would have been neither possible nor worthwhile. t DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree Signed ............................... (candidate) Date jls/./Sr./.O.S. ........ STATEMENT 1 This work is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. Joint authors have declared the importance of my contribution to included papers. A bibliography is appended. Signed ................................................ ... (candidate) Date l.e.L'.Z.fa.S............... STATEMENT 2 I hereby give my consent for my work, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ../S.. (candidate) Date .......... Candidature for the Award of Degree of PhD fbv Published Works): Statement of candidate’s work on collaborative papers Candidate: Calvin Jones - “The Economic Significance of Tourism and of Major Events: Analysis, Context and Policy” Re: C. Jones and M. Munday (2004) “Evaluating the economic benefits from tourism spending through Input-Output frameworks: issues and cases” Local Economy, 19( 2) pp 1-17 C. Jones, M. Munday & A. Roberts (2003) “Regional Tourism Satellite Accounts: A Useful Policy Tool?" Urban Studies, 40(13) pp2777-2794 C. Jones and M. Munday (2001) “Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site Status: Is Conservation of Industrial Heritage a Road to Local Economic Development? Regional Studies, 35(6), pp585-590 We the undersigned hereby state that the named candidate made substantive and central contributions to the above works as published, and to the design and implementation of the research that provides the basis for these papers. Signed: Maxim Munday Annette Roberts Uc^ iLL^ Date: Published Journal Articles (In reverse chronological order) (1) C. Jones (2005) "Major Events, Networks and Regional Development" Regional Studies, Vol. 39(2) pp 171 -186 (2) C. Jones (2004) "Regional Tourism Satellite Accounts: A A tto rn up' Approach" Enzo Pad Papers in Tourism Economics, Volume 4, October 2004 Madrid: World Tourism Organisation (3) C. Jones and M. Munday (2004) "Evaluating the economic benefits from tourism spending through Input-Output frameworks: issues and cases" Local Economy, 19( 2) ppl-17 (4) C. Jones, M. Munday & A. Roberts (2003) "Regional Tourism Satellite Accounts: A Useful Policy Tool?" Urban Studies, 40(13) pp2777-2794 (5) C. Jones (2002) "Public cost for private gain? - The new 'national' stadia in the UK and communalities with North America" Area, 34 (2) ppl60 -170 (6) C. Jones and M. Munday (2001) "Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site Status: Is Conservation of Industrial Heritage a Road to Local Economic Development? Regional Studies, 35(6), pp585-590 (7) C. Jones (2001) "A level playing field? Urban development and sports stadia in the UK" Environment and Planning 33(5), A, pp845 - 861 (8) C. Jones (2001) "Mega Events and the Host Economy: Determining the true w orth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup" International Journal of Tourism Research Vol. 3, pp241-251 2 1. Introduction The papers presented in this submission are representative of the research undertaken by the author focussing upon the analysis of recreational and sporting activity as economic phenomena. The published works have tied the analysis of tourism and sport to wider public policy and economic development debates; applied analytical techniques to sport and leisure in a novel manner; and furthered the development of new tools which enhance the understanding of the economic contribution of these important activities. The scholarly contribution of my research programme is reflected in publications in some of the leading journals. Both Regional Studies and Environment and Planning A are top-rated worldwide journals, A+, on the Vienna University Economics and Business Administration (WIEN) measure, and these journals, along with Urban Studies, have ranked extremely highly on the ISI Social Sciences Journal Citation indices over a number of years. Meanwhile, the policy relevance of my work is underlined by my key involvement in the development of analytical tools for tourism economics at the regional and UK-national scale, and its inclusion in materials produced by the World Tourism Organisation. Much of the economic analysis of sport and leisure is crude and partial, relying upon techniques which have long been superseded or greatly refined in other areas of economic analysis. Moreover, the data which underlies some analysis is often lacking in quality or out-of-date (Allnutt, 2004; Hiller 1998). Given the substantial level of public funding for tourism and sporting facilities and activities in recent years and the rapid growth of related activity, the lack of high-quality analysis of these activities as economic phenomena is a serious public policy problem (Boyle, 1997). Thus, a number of the papers contained here focus on the extent to which sporting and leisure activity can further regional and national governments' aspirations for economic development, and at w hat cost. 3 The papers contained herein adopt a variety of approaches to the analysis of sports i and tourism. Two of the papers (3) (6) seek to refine economic impact methodologies to better account for the impacts of discrete sporting and cultural events or facilities, using a high level of primary input data, and placing of the results firmly within the local economic development context Meanwhile, papers (7) (8) establish the complex socio-economic outcomes of major sporting events and examine their impact upon different sections of society. Further papers examine whether the long experience of public subsidy for sports infrastructure in North America has any lessons for European governments (5) (see Baade,1995), and report upon projects which substantially improved the statistical evidence base for policymaking in tourism at both UK-national and regional scale ((3) and see also Jones et al, 2004; Jones (2005)). The most recent paper applies the precepts of the 'new economic geography' to sporting activity to establish whether sport-related development and interactions are likely to fulfil the 'best-case' principles of this now widely accepted model of economic development (1) (see Lovering, 1999). The following section of this paper reflects on how sport and tourism are currently analysed, highlighting the problems with current approaches. Sections 3 and 4 establish the scholarly contributions of the papers submitted. Section 3 shows how the submitted works contextualise sporting and tourist economic activity within wider