-I '"' :I: m ,,.. V) V) c: n~ z )> ;:::u nV) :I: 0 r- )> ;:::u V) ;:::u m V) m )> ~ n;:::u :I: t-. 0 = c: ;:::uz )> r- < 0 c 3 CD O'I ..... :::c m V> V> c: n~ z )> ;::a nV> :::c 0 r- )> ;::a V> ;::a m V> m )> n;::a :::c &.... 0 c: ;::a z )> r- < 0 c 3 CD U1 Sonoma State University McNair Scholars Research Journal Published by the McNair Scholars Program at Sonoma State University A federal TRiO program For other volumes of the McNair Scholars Research Journal visit our website at: http://www.sonoma.edu/mcnair/ Spring 2015, Volume 5 i To the Reader: The goal of every federal McNair Scholars program is to place historically underrepresented students in master’s and PhD degree programs. SSU’s McNair Scholars program shares this same goal. Through workshops, individual advising, faculty mentoring, and research experiences, we assist students in getting accepted into graduate school programs and prepare them in ways that will promote their success once they get there. We work with students from nearly every academic major and at all grade levels. As we guide students through the process of preparing for graduate school, our goal is to help students enroll in a graduate school program that is the best fit for them, based on their research interests as well as academic and career goals. Part of this involves helping them get accepted into multiple programs so that they can choose among them, and part of this begins prior to the application process, as the scholars are developing their interests and gaining the kinds of experiences that graduate programs value in applicants. We investigate graduate programs with the scholars in order to find the right fit, help them locate and apply for research internships and conferences, and we work with them on their Statement of Purpose and other application materials. For the past two years, every SSU McNair Scholar who applied to graduate programs got accepted, and all but one received funding in the form of a fellowship and/or assistantship, even at the master’s degree level. We are confident that we will continue to see similar results in the future. In order to gain valuable research experience and refine their scholarly interests, McNair Scholars work on a research project during each year of participation in the program. This research is conducted under the guidance of a faculty mentor, who typically helps the scholar through every phase of the research process. We are very proud of the research work that SSU’s McNair Scholars have done, and examples of this work comprise the content of this journal. When you flip to the Table of Contents, you will see that this work covers a wide spectrum of majors offered at SSU. Our McNair Scholars have produced high quality research in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. We would like to offer our gratitude to faculty who have generously provided their time, knowledge, and enthusiasm to helping to develop the projects found in this journal. All of the work in this journal has been presented at our annual symposium, some of the work you see here has been presented at professional academic conferences, and some of it will be presented in the near future. As you read these articles, you will see that this work has great potential to contribute to knowledge in the scholars’ academic disciplines. As they have worked on these projects, these students have become increasingly aware of what it takes to become a member of the scholarly community. And, as we are sure you will agree, they are ready to go on to graduate school. We are also sure you would like to join us in wishing them good luck and in congratulating them on a job well done! --McNair Scholars Program and Journal Staff ii SSU McNair Scholars Research Journal McNair Program and Journal Staff Program Director Daniel Smith, Ed.D. Research Coordinator Mariana G. Martinez, M.A. & Journal Editor Faculty Liaisons 2013 - 2014 Karin E. Jaffe, Ph.D. Sheila Katz, Ph.D. Scott Miller, Ph.D. Spring 2015, Volume 5 iii Table of Contents 1 “I Still Dream of Orgonon”; The Cultural Transmission of Wilhelm Reich By Robert Barrett 16 Mighty Morphin Backward Walking: The Momentous Effects of Backward Walking on Individual’s Hamstring Flexibility By John Michael Vincent Coralde 23 Analysis of the Reduction Potential of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD148 By Rachel DeLeon 28 “It Wasn’t Rape, She Wanted It”: Masculinity Threat’s Role In Rape Blame By Sarah Eagan 36 Military Sexual Trauma: A Judicial Perspective By Sabrina Fiaz 51 Carnobacteriocin BII Peptide Bactercidial Assay By Joshua Gutierrez 57 The Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 is Highly Sensitive to Oxidation Compared to the Related PTP, CD148 By Stephanie Henriquez 68 Righting Time Performances: Assessing Phenotype in Captive Raised Western Pond Turtles By Shoua Lor 75 Fostering Multicultural Competence through Inter- Group Dialogues: Process, Outcomes, and Reflections By Paul Martinez iv SSU McNair Scholars Research Journal 97 Exploring the Role of Resilience in the Life Experiences of Children of Incarcerated Parents By Alexandria Pech 109 Low-Income Student Parents: Bridging from Welfare Participation to College Graduation By Holly Phillips 125 The Experience: An Analysis of the Retention and Graduation Rate of Black Students at Sonoma State University By Kristal Raheem 145 Calcification and Corrosion of a Coralline Seaweed By Mallory Rice 156 Change in Stream Conditions after removing Livestock By Ang Diku Sherpa 165 Identification of the N-terminus Amino Acid of a Chromium Binding Protein By Kimberly Trevino 171 Early Childhood Education: Benefits for Children from Low-Income Families By Alexandra Zavaleta WORKS IN PROGRESS 182 “A Waste of Time”: Student Attitudes Towards Foreign Language Education By Seiri Aragón-Garcia 189 The Moche: Investigating A Process of Sacrifice, Burial and the Afterlife By Samantha Montellanos 197 Mentoring Relationships: The Perspectives of Former Foster Youth By Kim Nguyen Spring 2015, Volume 5 v “I Still Dream of Orgonon”; The Cultural Transmission of Wilhelm Reich Robert Barrett, English and Liberal Studies Research Mentor: Anne Goldman, Ph.D. Abstract This paper’s primary concern is not Reich’s contributions to the field of psy- chology, his work under Freud, his expulsions from the Communist Party of Germany and the International Psychoanalytical Association, the burnings of his books, nor his imprisonment, but rather, the focus is on Wilhelm Reich’s transmission, and subsequent symbolic representation, within pop- ular music. I am interested in what has been culturally transmitted, and, in turn, how these transmissions have formed the mythos of Wilhelm Reich. Through applying Stephen Greenblatt’s work in “The Circulation of Social Energy,” I am led to ask, what is the “Historical Consequence” of Reich’s “Social Energy?” To explore popular mythification, I will first discuss two fabulized figures, Benjamin Franklin and John Chapman (AKA Johnny Ap- pleseed). Gordon S. Wood and Michael Pollan have explored the mythi- fication of these popular figures, and an exploration of Wood’s and Pol- lan’s analyses will help to contextualize the much more counterculturally aligned mythification of W. Reich. Then, I will look closely at a triumvirate of Reichian cultural transmission —the primary transmission of A Book of Dreams, the autobiography of Reich’s son, Peter, and this book’s direct relationship to two secondary transmissions, “Cloudbusting,” by Kate Bush, and “Birdland,” by Patti Smith. A game of telephone “‘The French let Jean Genet out of prison but the Americans left Wilhelm Reich to die in his, so everyday his little son Peter would go looking for his dad and hoped that he would come back down and get him on a big black U.F.O - O-O-O’’ Patti Smith, 1975, on stage at CBGB1 Do you remember playing the game “telephone”? I sure do. I was always amazed at how drastically the messages would change, as they passed around the circle, whispered from ear to ear. I have never heard a message repeated word for word in the same way as it began. Sometimes, the results are so outrageously distorted, that you know at least one 1 SSU McNair Scholars Research Journal Barrett participant must have intentionally altered the message into something comical, but there is no way of knowing who did it. The cultural transmission of historical figures is similar to the chain of communication in the game of telephone, with individuals con- stantly remolding, re-appropriating, and adapting the historic figure as they are passed along. Sometimes aspects of the historic figure are altered to serve communicants’, or transmitters’, own purposes, whether inten- tionally or inadvertently, and sometimes historical figures are distilled, or iconized, with a privileging of certain traits and/or deeds, resulting in mythification, or fabulization. This process is somewhat intangible, and blameless, sort of like telephone. By this I mean that, the mythification of the historic figure, just as the message distortion in the game of tele- phone, is often cumulative, unintentional, or discreet, making attempts to identify specific agents of mythification/distortion unproductive. It is gen- erally —of course there are exceptions — difficult to point the finger at one individual or group and blame them for some sort of reinterpretation. The term “Cultural Transmission” comes from cultural anthropolo- gy, and is often considered synonymous with “Cultural Learning,” roughly referring to the way that individuals acquire culture. Stephen Greenblatt, in his highly influential essay “The Circulation of Social Energy” (1988), il- lustrates the ways in which, through cultural transmission, cultural products are constantly changed and remolded as they are handed down, imbuing them with varying aspects.