FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining on Forests Credit: Jeremy Holden/FFI. Suggested Citation: Forest-Smart Mining: Large-Scale Mining on Forests (LSM), World Bank, 2019 Disclaimer: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. All omissions and inaccuracies in this document are the responsibility of the authors. The findings, interpretations, and views expressed in this guide do not necessarily represent those of the institutions involved, nor do they necessarily reflect the views of PROFOR, The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. This document has been prepared by Fauna & Flora International (FFI) for the public interest purposes of sharing good practice so as to ensure positive forest outcomes in the future. The information contained in this document has been obtained from public sources, as well as from the companies concerned in some instances. Whilst FFI has sought to ensure high standards of accuracy, including by giving each of the companies concerned the opportunity to review and comment on a draft, no representation or warranty is given as to the accuracy of the document and neither FFI nor any of its employees accepts any responsibility or liability to any person in relation to the contents. Without limitation, nothing in this document is intended or should be construed as a recommendation to deal or refrain from dealing in any securities of any of the companies mentioned. Third-party content The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All FFI, Levin Sources and SGAB material displayed is subject to copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights which are vested in FFI, Levin Sources and SGAB or our licensors. This includes photographs in this report. The material within this report may be printed, downloaded or copied for your own personal non-commercial or educational use. It must be fully acknowledged. Prior written permission must be obtained for any other use. Financing for this study was provided by the Program on Forests (PROFOR). Design: Michael Bunnya Kalanzi (MeBK) Cover photo: Pippa Howard/FFI FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining (LSM) on Forests, World Bank, 2019 Thomas Maddox, Pippa Howard, Jonathan Knox, Nicky Jenner: Fauna & Flora International April, 2019 FOREST-SMART MINING i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... x Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction and Terms of Reference .....................................................................................................................xvii 1. Background ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Large-Scale Mining: An Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................2 1.2. Forests: An introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................5 1.3. Mining in Forests and Forest-Smart Mining ........................................................................................................................................8 1.4. Policy and Regulatory Landscape for Forest-Smart Mining ...................................................................................................10 2. Current, Past, and Future Status of LSM in Forests ........................................................................................17 2.1. Overview of LSM in Forests Today ..........................................................................................................................................................17 2.2. Changes in Mining in Forests over Time .............................................................................................................................................42 3. Case Studies ..........................................................................................................................................................48 3.1. Methodology .......................................................................................................................................................................................................48 3.2. Overview of Case Studies Analyzed ......................................................................................................................................................50 3.3. Overview of All Forest Health Scores and Rankings ....................................................................................................................54 3.4. Company Summaries .....................................................................................................................................................................................58 3.5. Australia ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................63 3.6. Brazil ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................70 3.7. Ecuador ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................78 3.8. Finland......................................................................................................................................................................................................................83 3.9. Ghana .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................88 3.10. Guinea ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................97 3.11. India ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................107 3.12. Indonesia .............................................................................................................................................................................................................112 3.13. Liberia ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................121 3.14. Madagascar ........................................................................................................................................................................................................127 3.15. The Philippines ................................................................................................................................................................................................135 3.16. Suriname..............................................................................................................................................................................................................140