University of Thessaly School of Engineering Department of Planning and Regional Development Master of Science in European Regional Development Studies Arrested refugees-immigrants in Fylakio detention center, Evros, Greece, 2010. Ggia under a Creative Commons Licence Dissertation: The social inclusion of migrants in the context of the economic crisis: a counter- relationship • The case of migrants of Albanian citizenship at national and at a local level Spyridon E. Iatropoulos June 30, 2016 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 04/10/2021 13:01:59 EEST - 170.106.203.34 The social inclusion of migrants in the context of the economic crisis: a counter-relationship The case of migrants of Albanian citizenship at national and at a local level by Spyridon Evangelou Iatropoulos Sociologist Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Master of Science in European Regional Development Studies Supervisor: Department of Planning and Regional Development, Pr. Marie-Noelle Duquenne School of Engineering, University of Thessaly Submitted June 30, 2016, Volos, Greece Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 04/10/2021 13:01:59 EEST - 170.106.203.34 Spyridon E. Iatropoulos Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank all my family, my friends and my work department’s colleagues who supported and tolerated me. I would also like to thank the three Albanian associations in Volos, and mainly Ms Jonalda Prempto for her valuable support in distributing questionnaires in the Albanian population of Volos. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor, Pr. Marie-Noelle Duquenne, for her guidance, availability and patience, and those professors of the Urban Planning department who inspired me. ii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 04/10/2021 13:01:59 EEST - 170.106.203.34 Spyridon E. Iatropoulos Abstract ABSTRACT This study examined the ways in which the latest Greek economic crisis has affected the process of social inclusion of migrants and in particular of Albanian immigrants in their host country. It focused on the local level of the Regional Unit of Magnesia and the city of Volos and examined the degree of the impact of the economic crisis on the measures that have been taken in favour of the migrant population’s integration in the Greek society before the crisis and their endurance after the crisis’ stiff effects. The research addressed mainly the changes of migrants’ objective status during a nearly ten-year period before and after the crisis. The empirical findings were based on secondary data derived from national bodies and on primary data from a semi-structured questionnaire distributed in the migrants from Albania population in the city of Volos, and in-depth interviews amongst their collective representative bodies in Volos. The results pointed out the resilience of the first generation of migrants and their state of limbo that they experience, together with the state of despair of the second generation who anticipate the fully exercise their rights in Greece or elsewhere Key Words: economic crisis; Albanian migrants; social inclusion; respect ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Αυτή η διατριβή εξέτασε τους τρόπους µε τους οποίους η πρόσφατη οικονοµική κρίση στην Ελλάδα επηρέασε τη διαδικασία κοινωνικής ένταξης των µεταναστών και ιδιαίτερα των Αλβανών µεταναστών στη χώρα που τους υποδέχτηκε. Επικεντρώθηκε στο τοπικό επίπεδο της Περιφερειακής Ενότητας Μαγνησίας και της πόλης του Βόλου και εξέτασε το βαθµό των επιπτώσεων της οικονοµικής κρίσης στα µέτρα που είχαν ληφθεί για την ένταξη του πληθυσµού των µεταναστών στην ελληνική κοινωνία πριν από την κρίση και την αντοχή τους µετά τις σκληρές επιπτώσεις της κρίσης. Η έρευνα εστιάστηκε κυρίως στις µεταβολές της αντικειµενικής κατάστασης των µεταναστών κατά τη διάρκεια µιας περιόδου περίπου δέκα ετών πριν και µετά την κρίση. Τα εµπειρικά ευρήµατα βασίστηκαν σε δευτερογενή δεδοµένα που προήλθαν από εθνικούς φορείς και σε πρωτογενή δεδοµένα από ένα ηµι-δοµηµένο ερωτηµατολόγιο στον πληθυσµό των µεταναστών από την Αλβανία στην πόλη του Βόλου και από συνεντεύξεις πάνω σε όλα τα θέµατα µε τα συλλογικά αντιπροσωπευτικά όργανά τους στο Βόλο. Τα αποτελέσµατα ανέδειξαν την ανθεκτικότητα της πρώτης γενιάς των µεταναστών και την κατάσταση αναµονής που βιώνουν σήµερα, µαζί µε την κατάσταση απελπισίας της δεύτερης γενιάς που αναµένουν την πλήρη άσκηση των δικαιωµάτων τους στην Ελλάδα ή αλλού Λέξεις-Κλειδιά: οικονοµική κρίση, µετανάστες από την Αλβανία, κοινωνική ένταξη/συνυπολογισµός, σεβασµός iii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 04/10/2021 13:01:59 EEST - 170.106.203.34 Spyridon E. Iatropoulos Contents CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ iii CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. HUMAN MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION: THEORETICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3 2.1. Theoretical approach 3 2.2. Methodology 21 3. EUROPEAN UNION AND GREECE: MEASURES FOR MIGRATION AND THE IMPACT OF THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS 24 3.1. Migration, integration and economic crisis 24 3.2. European Union and measures for migration and social inclusion 26 3.3. Greece and measures for migration and social inclusion 30 4. GREECE AS A DESTINATION COUNTRY FOR MIGRANTS OF ALBANIAN CITIZENSHIP BEFORE AND DURING THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS 36 4.1. Albanian people migratory routes 36 4.2. Migrants of Albanian citizenship in Greece, Region of Thessaly, Magnesia prefecture (Regional Unit of Magnesia) and city of Volos: two and a half decades of residence 40 4.2.1. Foreigners and migrants of Albanian citizenship in Greece 1981-2011 41 4.2.2. Insured individuals, Greeks and migrants of Albanian citizenship, in construction works and in common enterprises in Greece and in the Region of Thessaly (2002-2015) 47 4.2.3. Foreigners and migrants of Albanian citizenship in Greece, Magnesia Prefecture, and city of Volos in 2001 64 4.2.4. Foreigners and migrants of Albanian citizenship in Greece, Region of Thessaly, Regional Unit of Magnesia and city of Volos in 2011 77 4.2.5. Legal migration of migrants of Albanian citizenship and of other foreigners in the Regional Unit of Magnesia 2014-16 85 4.2.6. Migrants of Albanian citizenship in the city of Volos. Results of distributed questionnaires in 2016 107 4.2.7. Three (3) associations of migrants of Albanian citizenship in the city of Volos. Results from interviews with their representatives in 2015 118 4.3. Synthesis of the findings 122 5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 129 REFERENCES 136 APPENDICES 150 APPENDIX I: TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEWS 150 APPENDIX II: MODEL OF QUESTIONNAIRE 164 APPENDIX III: ARTICLES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 169 iv Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 04/10/2021 13:01:59 EEST - 170.106.203.34 Spyridon E. Iatropoulos Contents LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Estimates of Albanians living abroad: 1999, 2005, and 2010 .................................................................. 38 Table 2: Greece, Total population and foreigner population (Censuses 1981-2011) ........................................ 42 Table 3: Greece, % of total population and foreigner population (Censuses 1981-2011) ............................... 43 Table 4: Greece, Foreigner and with Albanian citizenship population (Censuses 1981-2011) ..................... 44 Table 5: Greece, Foreigner and with Albanian citizenship population (Censuses 1981-2011) ..................... 45 Table 6: Migration movement 1990-2007 at the level of Greece: Total foreign and Albanian population 46 Table 7: Common enterprises. Insured individuals 2002-2015 in Greece (all citizenships, Greeks and Albanians) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Table 8: Construction works. Insured individuals 2002-2015 in Greece (all citizenships, Greeks and Albanians) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 9: Common enterprises. Insured individuals 2004-2014 in Region of Thessaly (all citizenships, Greeks and Albanians) ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Table 10: Construction works. Insured individuals 2004-2014 in Region of Thessaly (all citizenships, Greeks and Albanians) ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Table 11: Distribution by economic activity and citizenship. Changes of insured individuals 2004-2014 in Greece in four time hot spots: 2004, 2008, 2012, 2014 ................................................................................... 53 Table 12: Distribution by economic activity and citizenship. Proportion of insured individuals 2004-2014 in Greece in four time hot spots: 2004, 2008, 2012, 2014 .............................................................................. 54 Table 13: Distribution by economic activity and citizenship. Insured individuals 2004-2014 in Greece (all citizenships) .................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Table 14: Distribution by economic activity and citizenship.