NON-ALIGNMENT AS A CONTEMPORARY FOREIGN POLICY DEVELOPMENT JegdUh Joshl A O lm rtittw i Submitted to the Fecultv of Arts Uniwrstty of the Nitwetersrond, Oohsnnesburg for the Degree of Hester of Arts Johannesburg 1975 DECLARATION I he Petty declare t/tet since February 1970* I have been engaged In research study fdr the purpose of writing this dlssertatlor,. Apart froai regular contact, for guidance, mith supervisors fror the Department of Inter* national Relations at the W v tr ity of the Mltwatersrand, Johannesburg, I declare that this study represents my own work. ! declare that neither the si. stance nor any part of this study has been submitted In the past, nor :i bein'* nor Is to be submitted for a degree In any university. The information used In this dlsser*..ion has been obtained by me while I was a full-time student at the University of the Vttwatersrand, Johannesburg. JAGDISH JOSH: October, 1975. CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 111 PREFACE f ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vl INTRODUCTION xlf PART ONE THEONETICAi. FRAMEWORK CHAPTER ONE I GENERAL THEORIES ON MOHAU6WHEMT I, THE PLACE OF NONALIfiNMENT IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1 A* THE STUDY OF NONALIGNMENT 1 I , THE PROBLEM OF NONALIGNED TYPOLOGIES 2 C. THEORY OF NONALIGNMENT AND ITS DEVELOPMENT 3 D. THE LACK OF UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED GENERAL THEORY IN THE STUDY OF NONALIGNMENT 8 I . "NEUTRALITY" - “NONALIGNMENT* 10 F. HE TERMS USED IN THIS DISSERTATION 14 a . CONCLUSION 11 PART TWO THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NONALIGNMENT CHAPTER TWO: THE AFRO-ASIAN CONFERENCES 17 I , INTRODUCTION 17 I I . BACKGROUND 18 I I I . THE AFRO-ASIAN MOVEMENT I I IV. THE COLOMBO CONFERENCE 22 V. THE BOGOR CONFERENCE 24 V I. THE FIVE PRINCIPLES 2# V II. THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE 28 V III. THE RESULTS OF THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE 29 IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 32 CHAPTER THREE: THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NONALIGNMENT x n r m u r w -m sm x ------------- INTRODUCTION I. THE SINO-INDIAN AGREEMENT 39 I I . THE NEHRU-TITO COWUNIQUE 39 PAGE I I I . THE INITIATIVE OF THE FIVE 40 IV, THE CAIRO PREPARATORY CONFERENCE - JUNE 5-18, 1961 41 V, BACKGROUND 42 V I. THE BELGRADE CONFERENCE 43 V II, THE CAIRO CONFERENCE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 45 V III, THE SINO-INDIAN WAR 46 IX, THE CAIRO CONFERENCE 47 X. THE BELGRADE CONSULTATIVE MEETING 50 XI, THE BAR-ES-SALAAM PREPARATORY MEETING 81 X II. THE LUSAKA CONFERENCE 53 X III. THE MEETING OF FOREIGN MINISTERS - SEPTEMBER 1-4 , 1973 55 XIV, THE ALGIERS CONFERENCE 57 XV. THE FOREIGN MINISTERS MEETING IN LIMA, PERU - SEPTEMBER 1-7, 1975 60 XVI, ANALYSIS OF THE CONFERENCES 61 A. THE PRINCIPLE OF PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE 63 B. THE SUMMIT CONFERFICES OF THE NONALIGNED NATIONS 65 XVII, CONCLUSION 70 CHAPTER FOUR! THE UNDERDEVELOPED WORLD AND UNCTAD I. INTRODUCTION 72 II BACKGROUND TO UNCTAD I 75 A. THE GROUP OF SEVENTY SEVEN (77) 77 B THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 81 C. THE EASTERN BLOC 82 HI. UNCTAD I 84 IV. THE GROUP OF SEVENTY SEVEN (77) IN ALGIERS, ALGERIA 86 V, UNCTAD I I 90 V I. THE GROUP OF SEVENTY SEVEN (77) MEETING IN LIMA, PERU 93 VH. UNCTAD III 94 A. THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 96 YIH. THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF UNCTAD 97 IX. ANALYSIS 98 X. CONCLUSION 104 PART THREE ANALYSIS CHAPTER FOUR* ANALYSIS 106 CHAPTER FIVE* CONCLUSION 138 APPENDIXES A. THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE 142 B. THE BELGRADE CONFERENCE 144 e . EOMCNIC CONFERENCES OF 19*2 IN CAIRO D, THE CAIRO CONFERENCE I, THE LUSAKA CONFERENCE F, THE ALGIERS CONFERENCE l l i i i e . ? * WJL ARTICLES m ABSTRACT The aim of this study Is to trace the development o* nonallgnment as a contemporary approach to forel n policy. I define nonalignment as a logical policy development among weak non-Western nations and may form the basis for a Third World perception of international relations. For analytical purposes, this study Is divided Into three parts: (a) Part One, Chapter One Is a discussion of the theories on nonalign­ ment, an explanation of the different forms of nonalignment and a com­ parative study of neutrality. (b) Part Two Is an historical overview of the development of nonallgn- aant In the Afro-Aslan Movement. The further development of nonallgn- aent as a policy of consensus Is then examined. An exposition of se­ lected economic issues of the nonaligned nations Is also emphasized. (e) Part Three consists of an analysis of the p itfalls or success of nonallgnment as an approach to foreign policy. Research findings Indicate that the strategy of nonallgnment was firs t expressed by Jawaharl*! Nehru In pre-Independence India. When India gained Independence, nonallgnment as an approach to foreign policy was re-affirmed and elaborated by Nehru at various Aslan conferences. In April 1955, at Bandung, the African and Asian states re-affirmed their support for peaceful co-exlstance, pledged their support for anti- colonial movements and dedicated themselves to promote world peace and International cooperation. Bandung led to further consultations among African and Aslan leaders and to an awareness that they had common problems. Leaders like l^nru, Nasser, Tito and Nkrumah view the Ideological conflict of the East and the West from a different perspective. Their attitudes art influenced by their nation's historical experiences. 1v They put their nation's Independence, modernization and development, their quest for national Identity and cohesion and their search for peace above all other priorities. Since the West reminds them of their past colonial domination, they feel they must not join the West against the East. Nonalignment Is a recent phenomenon distinct from isolationism, neutrality and neutralization. Nonallgnmont Is a global phenomenon with adherents In Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. The nonalign­ ed nations comprise a majority of states in the United Nations and other International organizations. Since each state has one vote In the United Nations General Assembly, the nonaligned nations tend to dominate I t by their majority votes. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Is an example of an economic Institution dominated by the policies of tho developing countries. Since 1961 four major conferences of nonaligned nations have been held. These conferences have highlighted the problems of the Third World, expressed anti-colonial, anti-Imperial and anti-Western senti­ ments. Seldom have these conferences condemned the Comunist countries for their violation of human rights, the rule of law. Interference In the Internal affairs of other countries and their aggressive Intent. The double standards of the nonaligned nations ha& angered even the most sympathetic Western observers. Nonalignment as a policy of con­ sensus Is relative, partisan In a passionate way about colonialism neo­ colonialism and the novel North-South problem. Nonalignment has be­ come the poor, weak and non-Western nation's approach to International relations. Y PREFACE The study of ncneHgmaent as a contemporary for j i ,r. policy development Is prloerily a study of thi; Third World ai*d t'.iolr ?:ui%:rvu3 gatherings In Isle* Africa and Latin Ac^rlu. For analytical pur,X)Sttt this studv w ill to divided Into three parts« Part One will consist of the Theoretical Frarwwork, Fart Two w ill con­ sist of the Historical DevclopiMnt of Nonallynntnt and Part Three w ill be an analysis of the failure or success of t!w policy of nonallgrii^nt In International rotations. I begin this study wttl- thy post Second Work War period In V.e con­ viction that most of tl«o In^ortant elemnts of nonallcrnnant have evolved since then. I have confined myself to a treatrent of Asia. Africa and Latin America because these areas have playeo a dominant role In recent years and I t was there that a great many of the significant developments occurred. Even wttcn restricted thus,, the subject matter Is to vast and so cou­ ple* that I t must be a rtific ia lly divided both In matter and In form. It w ill be necessary In some chapters to separate the analysis from the contents. vl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 ixtend my gratitude to the following Institutions, agencies, and persons who provided na with Invaluable assistance and cooperation during t..e course of this research project: The Africa Institute, Pretoria. The American Embassy, Pretoria. The Australian Institute of International Affairs, Canoerra. The Australian National University. The British Embassy, Pretoria. The Finnish Embassy, Pretoria. The French Embassy, Pretoria. Embassy of the Federal Republic of Gemany. The Swiss Embassy, Pretoria, The Indian Embassy, London. The Librarian - University of South Africa. The Librarian - University of the Wltwatersrand. The Librarian - Inter-Library Service, The Librarian - U.S.I.S. Johannesburg. The Librarian - British Information Service. The Norwegian Embassy, Pretoria. The Royal Danish Legation, Pretoria. The South African Institute of International Affairs - Johannesburg. The Swedish Institute, Stockholm, The Swedish Information Service, New York. The Swedish Embassy, Pretoria. The Yugoslav Information Service, Lusaka, v11 PART ONE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK I begin this study of noneHgnnent as a mtempopary foreign policy #iV»lop»nt with the difficult problem of semantics. International relations has been pUqued by the improper use of Its key terms. The concept of nonalignment and neutrality are at the core of In ter­ national relations, yet, despite their key roles, both of these con­ cepts are shrouded in ambiguity because of the careless use of these terns. I w ill consider firs t the concept of neutrality and the manner in which I t is commonly treated as synonymous with the vastly d ifferen t concept of nonalignment. Many scholars and statesmen are prone to Indiscriminately Integrate and use Interchangeably the two concepts.