Eco-efficient Pavement Construction Materials This page intentionally left blank Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering Eco-efficient Pavement Construction Materials Edited by Fernando Pacheco-Torgal Serji Amirkhanian Hao Wang Erik Schlangen Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-818981-8 (print) ISBN: 978-0-12-818982-5 (online) For information on all Woodhead Publishing publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Matthew Deans Acquisition Editor: Gwen Jones Editorial Project Manager: Charlotte Rowley Production Project Manager: Joy Christel Neumarin Honest Thangiah Cover Designer: Mark Rogers Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Contents List of contributors xiii 1 Introduction to eco-efficient pavement materials 1 F. Pacheco-Torgal and Serji Amirkhanian 1.1 The state of the Planet 1 1.2 Scientific production on civil engineering and pavements 2 1.3 Outline of the book 6 References 8 Part 1 Pavements with recycled waste 11 2 Utilization of scrap plastics in asphalt binders 13 Serji Amirkhanian 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Background 13 2.3 Materials and experimental design 16 2.4 Brookfield rotational viscosity test 17 2.5 Performance grade determination 18 2.6 Multiple stress creep recovery test 18 2.7 Linear amplitude sweep test 18 2.8 Frequency sweep and amplitude sweep tests 19 2.9 Results and discussions 19 2.9.1 Virgin binders 19 2.10 PAV-aged binders 24 2.10.1 Low-temperature properties 24 2.11 Conclusions 29 References 30 3 Use of waste engine oil in materials containing asphaltic components 33 Abhary Eleyedath and Aravind Krishna Swamy 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Refining process of waste engine oil 35 3.2 Properties of waste engine oil 37 3.2.1 Physical properties 37 3.2.2 Chemical composition 38 vi Contents 3.3 Utilization of waste engine oil 40 3.3.1 Incorporation of waste engine oil into the asphaltic binder 41 3.3.2 Incorporation of waste engine oil into the asphaltic mixture 45 3.4 Future trends and challenges 46 3.5 Conclusions 47 References 47 4 Microstructure and performance characteristics of cold recycled asphalt mixtures 51 J.T. Lin and Y. Xiao 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Material composition of cold recycled asphalt 52 4.2.1 Definition 52 4.2.2 Material composition 52 4.2.3 Mixture design 53 4.2.4 Construction technologies 53 4.3 Microstructure in cold recycled asphalt mixtures 54 4.3.1 Analysis methodologies 54 4.3.2 Microstructure formation 54 4.3.3 Air void distribution 56 4.3.4 Morphology of interface 56 4.4 Laboratory performance of cold recycled asphalt mixtures 59 4.4.1 Analysis methodologies 59 4.4.2 Early-stage strength 60 4.4.3 Dynamic modulus 60 4.4.4 Rutting resistance 62 4.4.5 Fatigue durability 62 4.5 Field performance of pavement with cold recycled asphalt mixtures 63 4.5.1 Performance in the wear course 65 4.5.2 Field properties 65 4.5.3 Pavement condition and evolution 69 4.6 Conclusions and future perspectives 71 References 72 5 Life-cycle assessment of asphalt pavement recycling 77 Xiaodan Chen and Hao Wang 5.1 Introduction 77 5.1.1 Asphalt pavement recycling techniques 77 5.2 Life-cycle assessment on recycled asphalt pavement 78 5.2.1 Life-cycle assessment methods 78 5.2.2 Summary of most recent studies 79 5.3 Environmental impacts of asphalt pavement recycling at different phases 79 5.3.1 Raw material phase 79 Contents vii 5.3.2 Production phase 82 5.3.3 Construction phase 85 5.3.4 Maintenance phase 86 5.3.5 Use phase 87 5.3.6 End-of-life phase 89 5.4 Conclusion and recommendations for future research 90 References 91 Further reading 93 Part 2 Pavements for climate change mitigation 95 6 Cool pavements 97 Martin Hendel Nomenclature 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 The urban heat island effect and the urban energy balance 99 6.2.1 Urban heat island effect 99 6.2.2 The urban energy budget 99 6.2.3 Urban volume energy balance 100 6.2.4 Pavement surface energy balance 101 6.3 Overview of cool pavement technologies 104 6.3.1 Reflective pavements 104 6.3.2 Green and evaporative pavements 107 6.3.3 High-inertia pavements: phase-changing materials 110 6.3.4 High-conduction and heat-harvesting pavements 113 6.3.5 Photovoltaic pavements 114 6.3.6 Thermoelectric pavements 115 6.3.7 Heat-exchanger pavements 115 6.3.8 Combined cool pavement designs 116 References 117 7 Reflective coatings for high albedo pavement 127 Hui Li and Ning Xie 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Coating performance evaluation method 129 7.3 Optical properties 130 7.3.1 Optical properties of pigment powders 130 7.3.2 Optical properties of coatings 134 7.4 Temperature properties of the nominated coatings 138 7.5 Correlation between the optical and temperature properties of reflective coatings 138 7.6 Conclusions and future trends 143 References 144 viii Contents 8 Influence of aging on the performance of cool coatings 147 Stella Tsoka 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 Investigating the aging and weathering of cool coatings 149 8.2.1 Parameters contributing to the aging of cool coatings and evaluation approaches 149 8.2.2 Methods for the albedo restauration 153 8.3 Assessing the effect of aging on the thermal performance of cool coatings 154 8.3.1 Aged cool coatings and their effect on urban microclimate 154 8.3.2 Aged cool coatings and their effect on the buildings’ energy performance 159 8.4 Synopsis and conclusions 162 8.5 Future perspectives 162 Acknowledgments 163 Conflict of interest 163 References 163 Part 3 Self-healing pavements 169 9 Self-healing property and road performance of asphalt binder and asphalt mixture containing urea-formaldehyde microcapsule 171 H. Zhang 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 Preparation of microcapsule 172 9.2.1 Preparation of microcapsule 172 9.3 Characterization of microcapsule 173 9.3.1 Morphology 173 9.3.2 Size distribution 174 9.3.3 Chemical structure 175 9.3.4 Thermal stability 176 9.3.5 Mechanical resistance 178 9.3.6 Capsule survival rate 178 9.3.7 Flowability behavior of core material 179 9.4 Self-healing property of microcapsule-containing asphalt binder 179 9.4.1 Self-healing ductility 179 9.4.2 Self-healing dynamic shear rheological test results 180 9.5 Rheological properties of microcapsule-containing asphalt binder 183 9.5.1 Consistency property 184 9.5.2 Durability 185 9.5.3 High-temperature stability 187 9.5.4 Low-temperature crack resistance 188 9.6 Self-healing property of microcapsule-containing asphalt mixture 190 9.6.1 Fatigue life prolongation 190 Contents ix 9.6.2 Stiffness recovery 190 9.6.3 Crack observation 191 9.7 Mechanical and pavement performance of microcapsule-containing asphalt mixture 191 9.7.1 Indirect tensile strength 191 9.7.2 Indirect tensile stiffness modulus 192 9.7.3 Antifatigue performance 192 9.7.4 High-temperature stability 192 9.7.5 Low-temperature crack resistance 193 9.7.6 Water stability 193 9.8 Future trends 194 9.9 Sources of further information and advice 194 References 194 Further reading 196 10 Self-healing biomimetic microvascular containing oily rejuvenator for prolonging life of bitumen 197 Jun-Feng Su 10.1 Introduction of biomimetic microvascular self-healing 197 10.2 Preparation of hollow fibers as self-healing microvascular by a one-step spinning technology 201 10.3 Characterization methods of hollow fibers 202 10.3.1 Fourier-transform infrared microscopy 202 10.3.2 Environmental scanning electron microscopy 202 10.3.3 Mechanical properties of fibers 203 10.3.4 Thermal stability 203 10.3.5 Contact angle 203 10.3.6