Office of Mauna Kea Management Invasive Species Plan Standard Operating Procedure C Maunakea Invertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide Version 1.0, 2/10/2015, Jessica Kirkpatrick & Fritz Klasner Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................................... 1 Invertebrate Threats ................................................................................................................................. 2 2. List of Common and Targeted Invertebrates ............................................................................................ 2 3. Identification of Common and Targeted Invertebrates ............................................................................ 4 4. Arthropod Collection............................................................................................................................... 14 Collection Supplies .................................................................................................................................. 14 Collecting Potential Threats .................................................................................................................... 14 Hand Search & Haphazard Collections.................................................................................................... 14 Flying Arthropods ................................................................................................................................ 14 Crawling Arthropods ........................................................................................................................... 15 Collection from traps .............................................................................................................................. 15 Wet Traps ............................................................................................................................................ 15 Dry Traps ............................................................................................................................................. 15 5. Specimen Processing & Identification .................................................................................................... 16 Specimen Processing Supplies ................................................................................................................ 16 Sorting & Identification ........................................................................................................................... 16 Tips for Identification .......................................................................................................................... 16 Presorting ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Post sorting ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Processing ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Data Entry ........................................................................................................................................... 17 6. Vial Labels ............................................................................................................................................... 19 7. Sorting Datasheet.................................................................................................................................... 20 8. References .............................................................................................................................................. 22 9. Revision History Log ................................................................................................................................ 22 10. Recommended Citation ........................................................................................................................ 22 1. Purpose and Scope This standard operating procedure (SOP) guides threat characterization, identification, collection, and processing of invertebrates (arthropods) on Maunakea. The identification guide is not intended to be comprehensive, rather it is representative of common species and will facilitate an entomologist with SOP C, v1.0 2/10/15 Invertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 1 of 22 Office of Mauna Kea Management Invasive Species Plan identification. This SOP should be used under the guidance of a professional entomologist if complete confidence in specimen identification is required. Invertebrate Threats The Wēkiu Bug Working Group, an informal collaboration of University, State, and Federal land managers and entomologists, periodically review potential arthropods threats for risk prioritization on Maunakea. This group identified invertebrates for risk prioritization as those with potential to alter the ecological functioning of the Management Area as well as impacting the integrity of cultural resources or human health. The greatest potential impacts are most likely to be caused by “social insects” (ants, wasps, bees and termites). These insects live cooperatively and have the greatest potential to establish and spread. For example, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) has successfully invaded Haleakalā National Park on Maui and spread to elevations above 9000 ft, reducing abundance of other native invertebrates including pollinators of the Haleakalā silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum). Once established, social insects are very difficult to control or eradicate, often requiring substantial human resources and materials. The following groups of arthropods are high priority target species for both early detection and ongoing monitoring: 1. Ants (Order: Hymenoptera, Suborder: Apocrita, Family: Formicidae) and other taxa that are morphologically similar, i.e. look like ants. 2. Wasps (Order: Hymenoptera, Suborder: Apocrita, Families: Vespidae, Pompilidae, & Mutilidae) and other taxa that are morphologically similar, i.e. look like large wasps. [Excluded are: Suborder Apocrita, Families: Bradynobeanidae, Falsiformicidae, Rhopalosomatidae, Sapygidae, Scoliidae, Sierolomorphidae, Tiphiidae]). 3. Spiders (Order: Araneae) 4. Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) [Excluded are Suborder: Polyphaga, Family: Coccinellidae – i.e. ladybugs). 5. Horn & Stable Flies (Order: Diptera, Suborder: Brachycera, Family: Muscidae, Subfamily: Muscinae, Tribe: Stomoxyini). 6. Centipedes (Order: Scolopendromorpha, Family: Scolopendridae, Genus: Scolopendra ). 7. Mollusks (Phylum: Mollusca, Class: Gastropoda). 2. List of Common and Targeted Invertebrates Table 1: The table below is a list of common invertebrates (mostly arthropods) and invertebrate threats that will be targeted for prevention and early detection surveys on Maunakea, sorted by order, family, genus, and species, also specifying common name, and nativity when known. All taxa and species listed are established on UH Managed lands. Nativity of each taxa (whether order, family, genus, or species) is determined from the Hawai‘i Insect Database; all species within that taxa determines nativity. Taxa is either native, includes both endemic and indigenous species, non-native or introduced, or have both nativities (native and non-native) from identified taxa. This being said, non-native taxa are usually more commonly observed even when both native and non-native species are present within that taxonomic group. SOP C, v1.0 2/10/15 Invertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 2 of 22 Office of Mauna Kea Management Invasive Species Plan Order Family Species Common Name Nativity Acari Multiple Unknown genera Mites Native & Non-native Araneae Lycosidae Lycosa hawaiiensis Lycosa spider Native Araneae Salticidae Unknown genera Jumping spiders Native & Non-native Coleoptera Carabidae Trechus obtusus Ground beetle Non-native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Coccinella septempunctata 7- Spot ladybug Non-native Coleoptera Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens Converg. ladybug Non-native Collembola Entomobryidae Unknown genera Slender springtail Native & Non-native Dermaptera Forficulidae Forficula auricularia European earwig Non-native Diptera Agromyzidae Multiple genera & unknown Leaf-miner flies Native & Non-native genera Diptera Calliphoridae Multiple genera & unknown Blow flies Native & Non-native genera Diptera Chloropidae Unknown genera Frit flies Non-native Diptera Drosophilidae Multiple genera & unknown Vinegar flies Native & Non-Native genera Diptera Muscidae Multiple genera & unknown House flies Native & Non-native genera Diptera Phoridae Unknown genera Hump-backed fly Native & Non-native Diptera Sarcophagidae Multiple genera & unknown Flesh flies Native & Non-native genera Diptera Sciaridae Multiple genera & unknown Dark-winged Native & Non-native genera fungus gnats Diptera Syrphidae Multiple genera Hover flies Non-Native Hemiptera Aphididae Multiple genera & unknown Aphids Native & Non-native genera Hemiptera Geocoridae Geocoris spp. Big-eyed bug Non-native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Neacoryphus bicrucis Whitecrossed seed Non-Native bug Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius palor Seed bug Non-native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius terrestris Seed bug Native Hemiptera Lygaeidae Nysius wekiuicola Wēkiu bug Native Hemiptera Miridae Orthotylus sophoricola Plant bug Native Hemiptera Nabidae Multiple